{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T15:00:58Z","timestamp":1780239658298,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":150,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Blattella germanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (German cockroaches) are recognized as potential carriers of intestinal pathogens, yet their role in delivering human pathogens to mammals via fecal contamination has not been experimentally evaluated. In this study, we established an experimental model using 100\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>B. germanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected with a fluorescently labeled\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhi Ty21a strain and assessed their ability to contaminate food and water. Fluorescent signals were detected in both midgut tissues and fecal matter of cockroaches within 6\u2009h postinfection, peaking at 1\u2009day (midgut: 4.52\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                    relative fluorescence unit [RFU] and feces: 6.12\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFU) and persisting up to 7\u2009days. Importantly, cockroach\u2010derived fecal suspensions administered to BALB\/c mice resulted in rapid and transient intestinal exposure, with detectable bacterial signals in mouse feces within 30\u2009min (1.13\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 1.08\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFU) and in intestinal tissues for up to 12\u2009h; no fluorescent signal was detected thereafter (up to 7\u2009days). Fluorescence quantification showed a positive correlation with viable bacterial counts (CFUs) (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.78,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), supporting use of RFU as a proxy for Ty21a sfgfp abundance. Collectively, these findings support the potential role of\n                    <jats:italic>B. germanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a mechanical vector that can contaminate food and water and facilitate fecal\u2013oral exposure of mammals to\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    under enclosed conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/5010895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T14:10:47Z","timestamp":1780236647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Evaluation of Fecal\u2010Mediated Transfer of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhi From\n                    <i>Blattella germanica<\/i>\n                    to Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2699-309X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-fen","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-tian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-hong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6017-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30161-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2021.107644"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2024.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.870398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7967325"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00305316.2003.10417344"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/2\/1\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"A Checklist of Iranian Cockroaches (Blattodea) With Description of Polyphaga Sp as a New Species in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi-Aghdam S. 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