{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:38:29Z","timestamp":1792589909153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":293,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TUFF63\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUFF63\/2567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    variant interspersed repeat (\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene family is the largest multigene family in human malaria parasites and belongs to the\n                    <jats:italic>pir<\/jats:italic>\n                    superfamily. These genes encode variant surface antigens that are thought to contribute to immune evasion and disease pathogenesis. Among them,\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    12 of subfamily E is relatively conserved but exhibits polymorphism that may provide useful insights into the genetic diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A total of 100\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA samples were collected from finger\u2010prick blood specimens in Yala province, Thailand, between 2017 and 2019. The\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    12 gene was amplified and sequenced, and analyses were conducted to assess genetic diversity and neutrality tests. The\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    12 gene exhibited low genetic diversity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.00016) among studied isolates with 6 haplotypes. Neutrality tests indicated evidence of purifying selection, suggesting immune\u2010driven evolutionary pressures. Comparative analysis with other geographic populations revealed both shared and region\u2010specific alleles, highlighting localized transmission dynamics and underlying parasite population structure. This study demonstrates low genetic polymorphism of\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    12 in\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations from Yala province, Thailand, consistent with reports from other regions but with distinct patterns across endemic areas. These findings underscore the importance of investigating conserved members of the\n                    <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                    family to enhance our understanding of parasite adaptation and host\u2013parasite interactions, with implications for malaria control and vaccine development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/5898346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1792586478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Genetic Polymorphism of\n                    <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                    Variant Interspersed Repeats (\n                    <i>vir<\/i>\n                    ) 12, Subfamily E, in Clinical Samples From 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