{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:01:09Z","timestamp":1777903269013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU 112-1607-002-400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU 112-1607-002-400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU 4152D3-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU 4152D3-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a persistent public health challenge in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, particularly among school\u2010aged children.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aimed to compare IPI prevalence and risk factors before and after the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Eswatini, based on the hypothesis that pandemic\u2010related disruptions may have influenced infection dynamics, despite no formal interventions being introduced.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A prospective cohort of 128 schoolchildren from Manzini and Lubombo Provinces was followed from 2019 to 2022. Stool samples were analyzed using the merthiolate\u2013iodine\u2013formaldehyde (MIF) method. Structured interviews assessed hygiene behaviors and household factors. Logistic regression was used to identify associations with infection risk, reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Overall, IPI prevalence remained consistent (43.0% in 2019 vs. 42.2% in 2022), with protozoan infections predominating and helminth infections remaining low (1.6% in 2019 and 2.4% in 2022, respectively). In 2022, children with only one employed parent had significantly higher odds of IPIs (aOR\u2009=\u20093.97; 95% CI: 1.48\u201310.64;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006) and pathogenic protozoan infections (aOR\u2009=\u20094.33; 95% CI: 1.41\u201313.27;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01). Handwashing before meals was protective in 2019 (aOR\u2009=\u20090.10; 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.58;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01) but not significant in 2022. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections declined, while\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The stable infection rates and changing species composition suggest that pandemic\u2010associated shifts in behavior and public health disruptions may have influenced IPIs\u2019 epidemiology. Continued surveillance and targeted hygiene interventions are needed to mitigate the burden of IPIs in schoolchildren.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/5950768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1754974203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Risk Factors Affected by the Pandemic Among Primary Schoolchildren in the Provinces of Manzini and Lubombo, Kingdom of Eswatini: A Follow\u2010Up Study in 2019 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Ai-Wen","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4966-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathobela","family":"Mbongiseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8359-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Wu","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Mei","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Kwung","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihac044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-3001-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00701-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9190333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2019.10.1.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06611-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jotm\/5950768","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jotm\/5950768","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jotm\/5950768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:55:00Z","timestamp":1777636500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jotm\/5950768"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Gusain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jotm\/5950768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jotm\/5950768","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9686","1687-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9686","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5950768"}}