{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1777903378233,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To date, the reservoir host for visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is unknown, although studies pointing to dogs, domestic animals, and rodents are emerging. We aimed to investigate whether the dog (\n                    <jats:italic>Canis familiaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Linnaeus, 1758) is a potential reservoir for\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovan<\/jats:italic>\n                    i in the Karamoja subregion of Uganda. Blood and lymph node aspirates were purposively collected from dogs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009139) in disease endemic villages of Amudat and Moroto districts in August 2023. An indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect anti\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibodies in serum. DNA extracted from lymph node aspirates was subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the rRNA internal transcribed spacer region of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. The sera from 139 dogs did not demonstrate any evidence of circulating antibodies against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as the optical density (OD) values were all below 0.25, lower than the threshold value of 0.45. Similarly, all the dog lymph node DNAs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009139) were negative for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites. Although our results found no evidence to support dogs as reservoirs for\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in this study, further research utilizing larger sample sizes is recommended to confirm this finding. Furthermore, the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    in sand flies and other suspected reservoirs, such as domestic animals and wild rodents, requires further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/7530351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T06:35:33Z","timestamp":1759214133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    Status in Dogs (\n                    <i>Canis familiaris,<\/i>\n                    Linnaeus, 1758) in the Karamoja Subregion of Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles D.","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9399-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angella","family":"Musewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9825-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tequiero A.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Mbuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwinah","family":"Atusingwize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Ankunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago C.","family":"Tomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria Pol","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2772-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benard","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4035-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Muhumuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Planellas","family":"Bachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus Muro","family":"Figueres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Robert","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.618766"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.s44267"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Control of the Leishmaniases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym275"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","unstructured":"WHO The Global Health Observatory 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/number-of-cases-of-visceral-leishmaniasis-reported."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.18.16.1661"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14061"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90429-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687217"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v19i1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","unstructured":"AyooS. 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