{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1777903329380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":166,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001688","name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRP\/NAM22-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP\/NAM22-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Medicinal plants are used in Namibia for oral hygiene and to treat oral diseases. Validating the content and efficacy of medicinal chewsticks used in communities helps to provide proof of concept of medicinal plants used as a complementary\/alternative medicine for oral diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study presents the first report on quantified phytoconstituents, antimicrobial, time\u2013kill kinetics, and biofilm inhibition properties of\n                    <jats:italic>Diospyros lycioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    organic and aqueous extracts against\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Dry plant materials were ground into powder and macerated in methanol and distilled water. Different phytoconstituents were quantified by Folin\u2013Ciocalteu colorimetric method, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and DPPH free radical scavenging. An antibacterial assay was performed using the agar well diffusion method and a resazurin 96\u2010well\u2010based assay. Kill\u2013time assay was done at various concentrations over 4\u2009h. Biofilm inhibition was done using the crystal violet method.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Higher total flavonoid, total phenol contents, and free radical scavenging abilities were reported in methanol twig extracts. Inhibition zones of 28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82\u2009mm, with MICs of 15.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, are reported against\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The bactericidal endpoint of\n                    <jats:italic>D. lycioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    organic extracts for\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was reached after 4\u2009h of incubation at 8\u2009\u00d7 MIC (124.8\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). These were comparable to the positive control, gentamicin. The organic extracts showed \u2265 50% biofilm inhibition against root canal\u2010infecting\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    at concentrations between 7.8 and 500\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, indicating strong biofilm inhibition.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>D. lycioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    crude extracts have promising antibacterial properties and can eradicate\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms in root canal treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/7544856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:26:46Z","timestamp":1771601206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial, Time\u2013Kill Kinetics, and Biofilm Inhibition Properties of\n                    <i>Diospyros lycioides<\/i>\n                    Chewing Stick Used in Namibia Against\n                    <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albertina Mariina Ndinelao","family":"Shatri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6950-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silas Kudakwashe","family":"Bere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Bouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9176-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davis Ropafadzo","family":"Mumbengegwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"World Oral Health 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01330-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.151956"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0508-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","unstructured":"ShatriA. 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