{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:22:43Z","timestamp":1786123363790,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":218,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004845","name":"Haramaya University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HUSS_2018_06_01_26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HUSS_2018_06_01_26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004845","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In Ethiopia,\n                    <jats:italic>Osyris quadripartita<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Santalaceae) and\n                    <jats:italic>Toddalia asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Rutaceae) are traditionally used to treat malaria, skin and stomach disorders, and other tropical diseases. This study screened the major secondary metabolite profiles and evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo acute toxicity effects of chloroform and methanol extracts from the leaves and stem barks of\n                    <jats:italic>O. quadripartita<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Secondary metabolite profiling was conducted according to the standard protocols. The in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed using Kirby\u2013Bauer and broth dilution assays. The in vivo acute toxicity was assessed in experimental mice, grouped into experimental and control groups. Detected phytochemicals included tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while phlobatannins were absent. Methanol stem bark extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>O. quadripartita<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed higher inhibition zones of 10.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57 and 10.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11\u2009mm, respectively, against methicillin\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at a minimum concentration of 100\u2009mg\/mL. These extracts also showed the lowest MIC values against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6.25\u2009\u00b1\u200900\u2009mg\/mL) and\n                    <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12.5\u2009\u00b1\u200900\u2009mg\/mL), respectively. The methanol leaf extract of\n                    <jats:italic>O. quadripartita<\/jats:italic>\n                    and stem barks of\n                    <jats:italic>T. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrated MBC values of 25 and 50\u2009mg\/mL, respectively, against\n                    <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A higher antifungal effect was observed with the methanol leaf extract of\n                    <jats:italic>T. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    against\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.33\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28\u2009mm at 100\u2009mg\/mL). The present findings revealed that methanol extracts of both plants exhibited better antimicrobial activity than the chloroform extracts, as evidenced by the lowest MIC and MBC values. This aligns with the presence of polar secondary metabolites in methanol extracts, which may be responsible for the observed activity. All crude extracts from both plants showed no signs of toxicity at doses up to 2000\u2009mg\/kg in experimental mice, indicating the absence of acute toxicity. In conclusion, these findings support the traditional therapeutic use of the leaves and stem barks of\n                    <jats:italic>O. quadripartita<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    as antimicrobial agents. Further research is needed to quantify the major classes of phytochemicals and identify the compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity using FT\u2010IR, LC\u2010MS, and NMR instruments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/8295438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:28:43Z","timestamp":1786112923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secondary Metabolite Profiling, In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation, and In Vivo Acute Toxicity Assessment of\n                    <i>Osyris quadripartita<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Toddalia asiatica<\/i>\n                    Leaves and Stem Bark Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7415-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyob","family":"Tilahun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negussie Fedessa","family":"Bussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anteneh","family":"Belayneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andarge","family":"Zelalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsegu","family":"Kiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajpp2015.4454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in Sub Region Logo Anseba, Region Gash Barka, Eritrea","volume":"12","author":"Yemane B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Water, Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Aframomum melegueta","volume":"3","author":"Alo M. 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