{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:52:21Z","timestamp":1787950341337,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU-DSPP-2024-107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU-DSPP-2024-107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an important cause of nosocomial infections in children. The study undertaken identified antibiotic resistance markers among biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 105 bacteremia\u2010positive samples from hospitalized children were processed for identification of\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using species\u2010specific\n                    <jats:italic>rdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was checked through Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method. 96\u2010well microtiter plate assays and PCR were used for biofilm production and antibiotic\u2010resistant genes, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Among 105 clinical isolates,\n                    <jats:italic>rdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was detected in 34 (32.38%) isolates. The\n                    <jats:italic>rdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    detected isolates exhibited biofilm formation (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200934; 100%). Multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) pattern was observed among\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while the frequency of MDR was higher in very strong biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918; 52.9%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.002) as compared to weak biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    6; 17.6%). All\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were resistant to cefoxitin, penicillin, and augmentin (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200934; 100%). High resistance was observed against erythromycin (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929; 85.29%) and ciprofloxacin (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925; 73.5%).\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed complete susceptibility (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200934; 100%) toward vancomycin, tetracycline, and linezolid. Among the\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, the methicillin resistance gene (\n                    <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929; 85.2%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.000), the erythromycin resistance gene (\n                    <jats:italic>msrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919; 55.7%) and the beta\u2010lactamase resistance gene (\n                    <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200917; 50%) were detected. Detection of\n                    <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200917; 94.4%),\n                    <jats:italic>msrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098; 44.4%) and\n                    <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911; 61.1%) significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.0052) correlated with very strong biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Biofilm formation is significantly associated with antibiotic resistance. The study\u2019s result will help to understand the molecular mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    among pediatric patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/8755082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T22:25:11Z","timestamp":1739226311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/i>\n                    : Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Biofilm\u2010Forming Isolates From Pediatric Bacteremia in 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