{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:37:50Z","timestamp":1786538270369,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Soil\u2010transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common neglected tropical diseases in areas with poor sanitation. In Ethiopia, urban farmers using contaminated river water for irrigation are exposed to parasite infection. This study examined the incidence and associated risk factors of STH infections among vegetable farmers in Addis Ababa, comparing those using wastewater with those using clean water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A mixed\u2010methods design was applied, incorporating a community\u2010based cross\u2010sectional survey and a longitudinal laboratory investigation from December 2021 to December 2023. The study involved 290 farmers (136 wastewater\u2010exposed and 129 unexposed) across 10 sites along the Big and Little Akaki Rivers. Data were collected via questionnaires, observation, health diaries, and stool samples, with diagnosis performed using the Kato\u2013Katz method. STATA 14 was used for data analysis, including logistic regression to identify significant risk factors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STH incidence was significantly higher among wastewater\u2010irrigating farmers (19.8%) compared to nonusers (8.5%), with incidence rates of 7.1 and 3.04 per 1000 person\u2010months, respectively. The relative risk was 2.32, indicating wastewater irrigation increases STH infection. Risk factors among wastewater\u2010exposed farmers, poor fingernail hygiene (AOR\u2009=\u20092.25; 95% CI: 1.65\u201342.7), and not wearing boots (AOR\u2009=\u20093.4; 95% CI: 1.66\u201311.5) increased STH infection risk. Defecating on farms raised infection odds in both exposed (AOR\u2009=\u20092.89; 95% CI: 1.55\u20133.05) and unexposed (AOR\u2009=\u20091.92; 95% CI: 1.55\u20132.10) groups. Hand contamination (AOR\u2009=\u20096.9; 95% CI: 2.92\u201355.7), washing vegetables with wastewater (AOR\u2009=\u200911.6; 95% CI: 3.64\u201323.9), and not wearing protective clothing (exposed: AOR\u2009=\u20091.97; 95% CI: 1.11\u201387.9; unexposed: AOR\u2009=\u20091.89; 95% CI: 1.31\u201322.8) also significantly contributed to STH infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wastewater irrigation significantly elevates the risk of STH infections, promoting affordable safe wastewater irrigation practices (sand or gravel filters, drip irrigation) along with hygiene, sanitation, and health education for farmers, to protect farming communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/9138685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:04:31Z","timestamp":1786536271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors of Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminths Among Vegetable Farmers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9372-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethelhem kinfu","family":"Gurmassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirak Robele","family":"Gari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ephrem Tefera","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bitwe K.","family":"Dessie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bezatu Mengistie","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","volume-title":"Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","volume-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008505"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05465-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jamb\/2021\/v21i1230417"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050895"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13076"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","unstructured":"Van RooijenD.andTaddesseG. 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