{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:54:21Z","timestamp":1782849261791,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":180,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre\u2010eclampsia (PE) causes significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). Current diagnostic methods, such as blood pressure monitoring and proteinuria measurement, have poor sensitivity and specificity. Although biomarkers like PlGF and sFlt\u20101 improve diagnostic accuracy, their clinical value is limited by cost and infrastructural constraints. The Congo red dot (CRD) test, which identifies misfolded proteins via urinary congophilia, has emerged as a low\u2010cost, noninvasive alternative for detecting PE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluated the diagnostic performance of the CRD test by synthesizing evidence from studies across diverse populations, including India, China, and South Africa. Methodologies encompassed prospective cohorts, case\u2013control designs, and meta\u2010analyses, with a focus on sensitivity, specificity, and comparative efficacy against conventional screening tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate that the CRD test achieves high diagnostic accuracy, with reported specificity of 89.2% and sensitivity of 80.2%. The assay provides rapid results (&lt;\u20093\u2009min) without specialized equipment, demonstrating effectiveness in LMICs. However, performance variability was observed in late\u2010onset PE, and comparative studies yielded conflicting data regarding its superiority over urinary dipstick analysis. Additionally, challenges persist in differentiating PE from other hypertensive disorders with overlapping proteinuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CRD test represents a promising diagnostic tool for PE in LMICS with limited access to advanced diagnostics. Further large\u2010scale validation studies are required to standardize protocols, establish gestational age\u2013specific thresholds, and clarify its role in differentiating PE from confounding conditions. Integration with existing biomarkers may enhance its clinical adoption and diagnostic precision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jp\/6496909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:19:58Z","timestamp":1782847198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary Congophilia in Pre\u2010Eclampsia: A Potential Diagnostic Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikyle","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olive","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niren","family":"Maharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","volume-title":"Trends in Maternal Mortality Estimates 2000 to 2023: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA\/Population Division","author":"WHO","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101625"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","volume-title":"Commodity and Service Delivery Innovations for Detection and Management of Pre-Eclampsia","author":"UNITAID","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103780"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_820_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246183"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1120937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2024.2332787"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297144"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11196"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1743134","article-title":"A Study on the Role of Urinary Congophilia in Early Detection of Preeclampsia","volume":"58","author":"Rani A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1888924"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2023.03.003","article-title":"A Point-of-Care Urine Test to Predict Preeclampsia Development in Asian Women with Suspected Preeclampsia","volume":"32","author":"Wong S. 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