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However, the selection of the most suitable matrix for biomonitoring remains an open area of investigation. This study evaluates three biological matrices\u2014urine, sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)\u2014for their suitability in MP detection and monitoring. Using data collated from a recent observational study (30 patients) and peer\u2010reviewed literature, we assessed detection sensitivity, polymer diversity, sample availability, and practical feasibility via a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework inspired by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results showed that sputum exhibited the highest median MP concentration (9.4 particles\/mL) and BALF showed the greatest polymer diversity (6 polymer types), while urine showed the lowest levels (2.7 particles\/mL). The composite MCDA scores ranked urine highest (26\/35) for population studies due to its noninvasiveness and reproducibility, followed by sputum (25\/35) for respiratory exposure assessment and BALF (21\/35) for deep\u2010lung mechanistic studies. We conclude that a matrix\u2010specific strategy is essential for advancing human MP biomonitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jt\/5139238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:18:27Z","timestamp":1783667907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Urine, Sputum, and BALF for Human Microplastic Exposure Monitoring Using a Multicriteria Decision Framework"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neamatollah","family":"Jaafarzadeh Haghighi 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