{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:12:02Z","timestamp":1789679522629,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":302,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a region of critical biodiversity and natural resources, faces escalating threats from anthropogenic soil and water pollution. While individual studies have documented contamination, a comprehensive synthesis of its impacts on ecosystems and public health across the region was lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aimed to map and qualitatively synthesize the empirical evidence on the impacts of soil and water pollution in LAC, identifying regional research trends and critical knowledge gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across five databases (EBSCOhost, PubMed, SciELO, JSTOR, and HINARI) for peer\u2010reviewed literature (2008\u20132023). Following a blinded, two\u2010phase screening of 1145 records via Rayyan software, 11 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Data on geographic context, pollutant profiles, exposure assessment, and health\/ecological endpoints were extracted and analyzed descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The evidence base exhibited a pronounced geographical skew, with 8 of 11 studies originating from Brazil, and no eligible studies from Central America or the insular Caribbean. Synthesis of human studies revealed pervasive subclinical health effects, including respiratory symptoms in \u2264 40% of agricultural workers, endocrine disruption strongly correlated with organochlorine exposure (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.68\u20130.72;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and cholinesterase inhibition in 63.8% of organophosphate\u2010exposed subjects. Aquatic systems showed widespread contamination, with pesticide and metal concentrations spanning 0.0047\u2009\u03bcg\/L to 2110\u2009\u03bcg\/L. Herbicides dominated contaminant profiles, with compounds like clomazone detected in 100% of river samples, while metals including lead demonstrated clear bioaccumulation in fish muscle. Several studies identified latent ecological risks, with arsenic carcinogenicity risk &gt; 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      and herbicide mixtures endangering aquatic biota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the absence of acute poisoning events, the convergence of evidence signals a latent threat from the pervasive, low\u2010level contamination of LAC\u2019s environments. The documented subclinical impairments and clear potential for bioaccumulative escalation underscore an urgent need for enhanced environmental monitoring, stringent regulatory enforcement, and targeted research, particularly in underrepresented regions, to safeguard public health and ecosystem integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jt\/5181162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:07:16Z","timestamp":1761818836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Soil and Water Pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review of Impacts on Ecosystems and Public Health"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1655-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danladi C.","family":"Husaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7901-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennesa","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megli","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2445-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel H.","family":"Chiroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5698516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/agjsr-01-2023-0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/agjsr-08-2022-0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32036-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","volume-title":"Why Does Environment, Health and Pollution Matter?","author":"UNEP","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14213589"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","unstructured":"FAO Chapter 9. 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