{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:05Z","timestamp":1792790405435,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":255,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cameroon rainforest region is not only an agricultural area with massive pesticide uses but also possesses factors that favor land snails\u2019 growth like\n                    <jats:italic>Archachatina marginata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The present study aimed to assess the impact of sub\u2010chronic exposure of commonly used pesticides in Cameroon, glyphosate, metalaxyl, and cypermethrin on the growth, survival, histological structure of key organs, and tissue residue levels in\n                    <jats:italic>Archachatina marginata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, sub\u2010adult (under 30\u2009g)\n                    <jats:italic>Archachatina marginata<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails were exposed for 10\u2009weeks, once a week to field\u2010relevant concentrations of glyphosate (0.5\u2009g\/L), metalaxyl (3.3\u2009g\/L), and cypermethrin (2\u2009g\/L), while the control group was exposed with tap water. The experiment was repeated four times. Survival and body weight were recorded weekly. Post exposure, tissue residues were analyzed by GC\u2010MS, and histological examinations of the kidney and ovo\u2010testis (snails\u2019 gonad) were performed. The result showed no significant differences in the survival or external morphology of exposed snails. However, deeper statistical analyses revealed that snails exposed to metalaxyl had significantly lower final weights compared to all other groups with a mean loss of \u22128.7\u2009g (\u221226.6%). A histological examination revealed visible alteration in the kidney and ovo\u2010testis tissues of treated snails, though these changes could not be confirmed statistically. Moreover, pesticide residues were detected in the tissues of treated animals, with trace amounts of glyphosate and cypermethrin also found in control snails, likely due to prior contamination or cross\u2010cage drift. In conclusion, sub\u2010chronic exposure to field\u2010used pesticides did not induce mortality in\n                    <jats:italic>Archachatina marginata<\/jats:italic>\n                    but did affect growth and tissue integrity, especially under metalaxyl exposure. These findings raise concerns about sub\u2010lethal toxicity and food safety risks and support the use of\n                    <jats:italic>Archachatina marginata<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a bioindicator in pesticide\u2010exposed environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jt\/6365547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:34:01Z","timestamp":1757748841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sublethal Effects of Cameroon Field\u2010Used Pesticides on Growth and Organ Health in\n                    <i>Archachatina marginata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annick Niquaise","family":"Enangue Njembele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6615-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie C. 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