{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T12:08:46Z","timestamp":1779797326776,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":145,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS) is a common urological condition in men. Although disruption of the Th17 (T helper 17)\/Treg (regulatory T) balance has been implicated in its pathogenesis, the upstream drivers of this immune imbalance remain incompletely understood. This study investigated whether interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) is associated with altered Th17\/Treg homeostasis and impaired Treg function in experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An EAP model was generated in NOD mice through immunization with prostate antigen. Th17\/Treg cell profiles were determined by flow cytometry, cytokine concentrations by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) expression by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In vivo IL\u20106 inhibition was used to assess its effects on Th17\/Treg balance and Treg suppressive function, whereas in vitro experiments examined the effects of IL\u20106 on Treg function and na\u00efve CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell differentiation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Relative to control mice, EAP mice showed higher serum IL\u20106 concentrations (5.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54 vs. 3.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.46\u2009pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), together with disturbed Th17\/Treg homeostasis, as reflected by expansion of Th17 cells (1.72%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18% vs. 0.98%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and reduction of Treg cells (3.99%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.97% vs. 5.46 %\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Suppressive activity of Treg cells was also diminished (6.56%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.80% vs. 12.41%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.49%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In vitro, IL\u20106 shifted na\u00efve CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell differentiation toward the Th17 phenotype while limiting Treg generation and impairing Treg suppressive activity. Mechanistically, IL\u20106 stimulation reduced STAT5a and p\u2010STAT5a expression in Treg cells. Pharmacological inhibition of IL\u20106 partially restored Treg function and alleviated inflammatory pathology in EAP mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL\u20106 is linked to Th17\/Treg imbalance and Treg dysfunction in EAP, possibly through inhibition of STAT5a signaling, and IL\u20106\u2010related pathways may offer therapeutic value for CP\/CPPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/2600849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:54:37Z","timestamp":1779796477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL\u20106 Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Disrupting STAT5a\u2010Mediated Treg Cell Function and Th17\/Treg Balance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Xianhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanchuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2317-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaozhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5216-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12696"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/OUJJ3710"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125623"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.915218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24214"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01030-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00856-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2024.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Correlation 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