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This study investigated the relationship between immune cells and urethral stricture using the Mendelian randomization (MR) technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assessed the causative relationships between urethral stricture (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009341,285) and 731 immunological characteristics (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093757). The main technique was the inverse\u2010variance weighted (IVW) approach, which was supplemented by MR\u2010Egger and weighted median (WM). The robustness of MR results was assessed using sensitivity analyses, primarily the Egger intercept, Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, MR\u2010PRESSO, and leave\u2010one\u2010out test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings revealed that 37 immune phenotypes have suggestive causal relationships with urethral stricture, including 13 subtypes of B cells, four classical dendritic cells, three myeloid cells, five monocytes, four TBNK, five Treg cells, and three maturation stages of T cells. Sensitivity analyses revealed neither heterogeneity nor pleiotropy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings supported a potential causal relationship between immune cells and urethral stricture. This may guide the management and treatment of urethral stricture in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/3748167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1773024873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mendelian Randomization Reveals Genetic Associations Between Immune Traits and Urethral 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