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Although the susceptibility of the radiation\u2010induced brain injury or damage (RIBI) is partially associated with the sensitivity of particular cell types, pathways of injury in other types of brain disease or damage implicate the significance of the interaction between cell compartments. IRT\u2010induced double\u2010strand breaks (DSBs) are the utmost detrimental kind of DNA damage, which result in cell death as well as sustainable chromosomal reconfigurations following IRT exposure to the brain. It is worth noting that IRT\u2010induced DSBs, and stimulation of interplay of key signaling pathways such as mitogen\u2010activated protein kinases (MAPK), JAK\/STAT, phosphoinositide\u20103\u2010kinase\/protein kinase B\/AKT (PI3K\u2010PKB\/AKT), protein 53 (p53), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NF\u2010kB, transforming growth factor beta (TGF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) to either trigger radiosensitization or radioresistance as well as RIBI mechanisms. Also, IRT is capable of influencing fundamental immune players like cluster of differentiation markers, the complement cascade, T cells, B cells, interleukins, as well as chemotactic cytokines. Thus, the aim of this review is to explicate the key molecular signaling and immune mechanisms associated with IRT\u2010induced neurological deficits following brain IRT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/8833271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T09:49:31Z","timestamp":1766483371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interplay Between Key Molecular Signaling Pathways and Immune Players Following Brain Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seidu A.","family":"Richard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_27_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.2100"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25354-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/59045"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050271"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153819"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200861"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-12-1424"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13741"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2002.17.2.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000050111514"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0150-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155239"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.246041"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00392"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21944"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0312-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36235-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-013-0028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119208"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-998-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-018-0098-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_27_29_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Gamma-H2AX - a Novel Biomarker for DNA Double-Strand Breaks","volume":"22","author":"Kuo L. 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