{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:46:44Z","timestamp":1791895604124,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":319,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI16C0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI16C0801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023R1A2C1006127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1006127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A1A01067871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01067871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Keratinocytes can be activated by\n                    <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines via toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4. Although several studies have investigated keratinocytes, the mechanism of calcium\u2010mediated activation remains unclear. Herein, we investigated whether calcium influx via TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation was involved in cytokine secretion by keratinocytes in HaCaT cells. Although TLR2 stimulation by peptidoglycan (PGN) increased intracellular calcium influx, TLR4 stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not increase it, as analyzed using flow cytometry with the calcium indicator Fluo\u20103. However, activation by either TLR2 or TLR4 ligands upregulated the intracellular calcium influx in THP\u20101 monocytes. Additionally, the expression of major proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein\u20101 (MCP\u20101), was significantly increased by TLR2 in HaCaT cells. Moreover, treatment with the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA\u2010AM, disrupted PGN\u2010mediated induction of IL\u20106, IL\u20108, and MCP\u20101 production. Real\u2010time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting revealed that TLR2 stimulation induced expression of the epidermal differentiation marker keratin 1. In conclusion, TLR2\u2010induced intracellular calcium influx plays a pivotal role in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL\u20106 and MCP\u20101, in keratinocytes. Moreover, the continuous influx of calcium via TLR2 activation leads to keratinization. In vitro studies using HaCaT cells provide basic research on the effect of TLR2\u2010induced calcium on\n                    <jats:italic>C. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010mediated inflammation in keratinocytes. These studies are limited in their ability to clinically predict what happens in human keratinocytes. Clinical studies on patients with acne, including three\u2010dimensional (3D) cultures of primary keratinocytes, are required to develop new diagnostic markers for determining the severity of acne vulgaris.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/mi\/8892514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T21:19:42Z","timestamp":1731705582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines Triggered by TLR2 Through Calcium\u2010Dependent and Calcium\u2010Independent Pathways in 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