{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:19:19Z","timestamp":1762078759783},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Publica (SEP-PROMEP)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Crotalus durissus terrificus<\/jats:italic> venom (Cdt) is toxic for a\nvariety of eukaryotic cells, especially at high concentrations.\nHowever its effects on host immune cells are not well known. The\npurpose of this study was to determine the effect of Cdt on\nfunctional status and the mediators production in peritoneal\nmacrophages. The effects of Cdt were analyzed in vitro and were\ndetected using functional status of macrophages as\ndetermined by the H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> release, spreading percentage,\nphagocytic index, vacuole formation, and mediators production.\nSeveral functional bioassays were employed: cytotoxicity was\ndetermined by taking the lyses percentage and the presence of\nhydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in macrophages, using the\nhorseradish peroxidase\u2010dependent oxidation of phenol red and\nnitric oxide (NO) in the supernatants of macrophages by the\nGriess reaction. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity was\ndetected by measuring its cytotoxic activity on L929 cells, and\nthe production the level of other cytokines was assayed\nusing enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro studies revealed\nthat Cdt produced (a) a discrete increase in the release of\nH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and vacuole formation; (b) a decrease in spreading\npercentage and in the phagocytic index; and (c) an increment in\nthe mediators production. More pronounced increments of IL\u20106 and\nTNF were observed after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Maximum\nlevels of IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n and NO were observed after 96\nhours. Interestingly, levels of all mediators presented a discreet\ndecrease, as the amount of Cdt was increased. In contrast, the\nIL\u201010 levels observed for all doses studied here did not alter.\nThe IL\u20106\/IL\u201010 ratio may possibly reflect the balance of pro\u2010 and\nanti\u2010inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, which may be\nmanifested in the inflammatory status during the envenoming\nprocesses. Taken together, these data indicate that Cdt have a\ndifferential effect on macrophage activation and that this venom\nis a potent inhibitor of anti\u2010inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/mi.2005.349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T12:55:05Z","timestamp":1135169705000},"page":"349-359","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["<i>Crotalus durissus terrificus<\/i> Venom Interferes WithMorphological, Functional, and Biochemical Changes in Murine Macrophage"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2005","author":[{"given":"Anselmo Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo Z.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera L.","family":"Petricevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,14]]},"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2005\/876548.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/MI.2005.349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T10:00:59Z","timestamp":1723111259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/MI.2005.349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/MI.2005.349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/mi.2005.349","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9351","1466-1861"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0962-9351"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1466-1861"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-07-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-12-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}