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The study sought to identify and map RS in participants with traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) through a standardised assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conducted as an observational study, Experiment 1 involved 19 participants who underwent RS screening by stimulating 22 specific skin areas across both upper limbs, the neck and the face with a cotton swab. In Experiment 2, a comprehensive RS mapping was performed using Semmes\u2013Weinstein monofilaments on the reinnervated forearm of three subjects who exhibited upper limb\u2013chest RS. One participant underwent RS mapping over 6.3 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RSs were reported in three of four participants who underwent intercostal\u2010to\u2010musculocutaneous nerve (ICN\u2013MCN) transfer and in two participants who underwent ulnar\u2010to\u2010musculocutaneous nerve (UN\u2013MCN) transfer. RS within the original donor\u2019s nerve territory (\u2018right\u2010way\u2019) was observed following ICN\u2013MCN transfer. Systematic mapping of \u2018right\u2010way\u2019 RS after ICN\u2013MCN transfer revealed a distinctive distribution pattern in the forearm and chest, lacking clear topographical organisation. Remarkably, longitudinal assessment of a single participant revealed a gradual, scattered expansion of RS over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this study provides the first systematic mapping of RS in TBPI participants. Persistent \u2018right\u2010way\u2019 RS following ICN\u2013MCN transfer suggested that the significant distance between donor and recipient nerve representations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) may limit plastic reorganisation and restrict the disentangling of sensations between the forearm and chest. This insight underscores the complexity of nerve regeneration and opens new avenues for therapeutic approaches focused on sensory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/np\/3079894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1784568272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Somatosensory Misalignment: Persistent Referred Sensation After Intercostal\u2010to\u2010Musculocutaneous Nerve Transfer"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7406-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Schmaedeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5796-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Smith","family":"Erthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6202-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Domingues","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9609-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bia Lima","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(73)90287-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.5.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2006.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.06.030183.001545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809614106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803926115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1998.13.3.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.JNS132823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2008.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812813701_0006","volume-title":"Brachial Plexus Palsy","author":"Kawai H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90451-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","unstructured":"PatrocloC. 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