{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:14:08Z","timestamp":1793506448855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":334,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neural Plasticity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper limb hemiplegia faces the challenge of slow and difficult recovery. A \u201cclosed\u2010loop method\u201d based on brain plasticity has been proposed, combining central and peripheral interventions to enhance the upper limb function. Based on the theory, we aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) concurrent with virtual reality (VR)\u2010based robotic intervention on upper limb recovery and cortical excitability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single\u2010blinded, randomized, controlled trial, 40 patients with subacute ischemic stroke were recruited and randomized to experimental (tDCS concurrent with VR\u2010based robotic intervention) and control (sham tDCS concurrent with VR\u2010based robotic intervention) groups. All patients received 15 sessions (20\u2009min per day, 5 sessions per week). Outcome measures included the Fugl\u2010Meyer Assessment Upper Limb Scale (FMA\u2010UL), the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 40 patients completed the intervention, with 34 included in the fNIRS analysis. FMA\u2010UL (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200922.239,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and ARAT (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910.984,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) scores showed significant time\u2010by\u2010group interaction effects. Greater improvements were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group for both FMA\u2010UL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and ARAT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). MBI scores increased significantly in both groups over time (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200955.415,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), but the change scores did not differ significantly between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.369). fNIRS analysis revealed a significant time\u2010by\u2010group interaction effect in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.762,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037) and contralesional prefrontal cortex (PFC) (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910.881,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002). Greater increases in activation were found in the experimental group for both ipsilesional M1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025) and contralesional PFC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with sham tDCS concurrent with VR\u2010based robotic intervention, tDCS concurrent with VR\u2010based robotic intervention can effectively enhance upper limb function and promote activation of ipsilesional M1 and contralesional PFC in subacute ischemic patients with stroke. However, there was no obvious advantage in improving activities of daily life (ADL).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100047442\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/np\/8425060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:48:57Z","timestamp":1764589737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of tDCS Concurrent With VR\u2010Based Robotic Intervention on Hemiplegic Upper Limb Function After Subacute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled 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