{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:10:32Z","timestamp":1791288632454,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2556,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2556,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neural Plasticity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The research described in this review briefly\nsummarizes evidence that short term\npharmacological enhancement of noradrenergic\n(NA) synaptic activity, combined with symptom\nrelevant experience (SRE), promotes functional\nrecovery of some symptoms of cortical damage\nin rat, cat and human beings even when\ntreatment is initiated from days to weeks after\ninjury. A summary is provided of the numerous\ndrugs tested in rodent cortical injury models\nwhich have been proven useful for predicting\nbeneficial or harmful effects on behavioral\noutcome in human stroke. The pattern of drug\neffects indicates a central role for NA in\nfunctional recovery. Additionally, studies of the\neffects of direct intraventricular infusion of\nmonoamine neurotransmitters are reviewed and\nfurther support the hypothesized role of NA in\nrecovery from some symptoms of cortical injury.\nThe site of NA\/SRE interaction to promote\nrecovery from hemiplegia apparently involves\nthe cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the\ncortical injury. Microinfusions of NA into the\ncontra\u2010 but not ipsilaterai cerebellar hemisphere\ndramatically enhance recovery. Furthermore,\nlike its systemic action, microinfusion of the <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010\nNA receptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine,\nreinstates hemiplegia. A \u201cpermanent\u201d symptom\nof motor cortex injury in the cat is the complete\nloss of tactile placing contralateral to the injury\nwhich does not spontaneously recover for as\nlong as seven years after ablation. This posturai\nreflex is temporarily restored for 8\u201012 hours\nfollowing amphetamine administration.\nHowever, this permanently lost reflex can be\nenduringly restored by transplanting catecholamine secreting adrenal tissue into the\nwound cavity. The experiment is reviewed in\ndetail and involves chromaffin cell autografts\ninto the frontal cortex ablation wound cavity\nproducing a restoration of tactile placing for the\n7\u201010 month duration of the study. This enduring\nrestoration of tactile placing is considered a\nresult of the release of catecholamines into the\nCNS from the grafted chromaffin cells found, by\nhistochemical methods, surviving 7\u201010 months\nafter transplant. Lastly, we attribute these\ndelayed treatment effects to an attenuation of a\ndiaschisis, or remote functional depression, in\nmorphologically intact areas anatomically\nconnected to the area of injury. The widespread\nreduction of glycolytic and oxidative\nmetabolism, produced by focal cortical injury, is\nnormalized by the same treatment which\nalleviates symptoms and is worsened by drugs\nwhich exacerbate deficits. These data support\nthe hypothesis that providing SRE during a\nperiod of enhanced NA synaptic activity\nproduces an enduring functional recovery after\ncortical injury by attenuating remote functional\ndepression. This treatment for enhancing\nrecovery is especially attractive since it is\neffective even when begun weeks after cortical\ndamage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/np.1993.199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]],"date-time":"2007-03-15T09:22:50Z","timestamp":1173950570000},"page":"199-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Noradrenergic Pharmacotherapy, Intracerebral Infusion andAdrenal Transplantation Promote Functional Recovery After Cortical Damage"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Feeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Weisend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"container-title":["Neural Plasticity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/np\/1993\/459759.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/NP.1993.199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1723068038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/NP.1993.199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/NP.1993.199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/np.1993.199","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-5904","1687-5443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-5904","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-5443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}