{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1790660778544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":126,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Occupational Therapy International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hand function is a critical determinant of preschool children\u2032s participation in everyday occupations. Accurate hand function assessment is vital for guiding interventions, yet assessment practices are highly variable. Despite the abundance of instruments, only a few standardised performance\u2010based tools assess all hand function components. No comprehensive mapping exists of key preschool instrument specifications to guide clinicians and researchers, particularly those working in diverse contexts. The study mapped all published hand function\u2013relevant instruments used with children aged 3\u20135 years, including pathology\u2010specific measures, proxy\u2010report tools, classification systems, and multidomain developmental assessments. Employing scoping review methodology, 13 databases were searched, and all retrieved sources up to September 2024 were managed on Covidence. Two independent reviewers conducted title, abstract and full\u2010text screenings based on eligibility criteria. The search found 810 sources, with 84 meeting inclusion criteria, identifying 62 instruments. Most were performance\u2010based (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 46; 74.2%), followed by proxy measures (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11), classifications (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3) and two unspecified. Over a third targeted children with health conditions, whilst 22 covered both typical and atypical development. Sources from the Global South and LMICs were notably scarce. Performance\u2010based measures were examined in greater depth, with only one addressing all hand function domains. Findings highlight the need for a standardised, culturally adaptable performance\u2010based tool that reflects preschool children\u2032s real\u2010world occupations and is applicable across diverse settings. This review offers a structured foundation for developing or adapting such a tool, bridging current gaps in assessment practice in both high\u2010 and low\u2010resource environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/oti\/4114099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T07:04:26Z","timestamp":1778137466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preschool Hand Function Assessment Instruments: A Scoping Review With Targeted Analysis of Performance\u2010Based Instruments"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8825-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieta","family":"Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7454-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daleen","family":"Casteleijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","unstructured":"United Nations Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015 https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12641"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740006700313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.5.489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","volume-title":"Hand Function Evaluation for Preschool Children With and Without Physical Dysfunction","author":"Tsang W. 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