{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:04:32Z","timestamp":1784189072342,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ground reaction force (GRF) alterations are reported in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), but most kinetic measures depend on walking speed. Since individuals with PD walk more slowly, apparent differences may reflect speed rather than disease\u2010specific biomechanics. Virtual reality (VR) may further modify gait kinetics beyond speed effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether between\u2010group differences in GRF waveforms during overground walking persist after accounting for walking speed and whether VR induces speed\u2010independent kinetic modulation in individuals with PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>14 adults with mild\u2010to\u2010moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage II\u2013III) and seventeen age\u2010matched controls performed overground walking under normal and immersive VR conditions. Three\u2010dimensional kinematics (100\u2009Hz) and GRFs (1000\u2009Hz) were recorded. Discrete spatiotemporal and kinetic variables were analyzed using mixed\u2010design repeated\u2010measures ANOVA. Time\u2010continuous GRF waveforms were examined using mixed\u2010model statistical parametric mapping (SPM) ANCOVA with walking speed entered as a covariate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with PD walked significantly slower than controls in both conditions. VR increased stride length and modulated several discrete GRF variables, including anterior\u2013posterior and mediolateral components. However, waveform\u2010level SPM analyses revealed no persistent group or group\u2009\u00d7\u2009task effects once walking speed was included as a covariate. In contrast, walking speed demonstrated widespread and robust associations with vertical and mediolateral GRF trajectories across multiple stance\u2010phase intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During comfortable overground walking in mild\u2010to\u2010moderate PD, many apparent kinetic differences are largely speed\u2010coupled rather than clearly speed\u2010independent. These findings underscore the necessity of speed\u2010aware modeling when interpreting gait kinetics and evaluating VR\u2010based paradigms in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/padi\/5474367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:16:45Z","timestamp":1784186205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Walking Speed Explains Apparent Ground Reaction Force Differences in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Waveform\u2010Level SPM Analysis During Normal and Virtual Reality Walking"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaheh","family":"Azadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2032-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Majlesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2369-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza Ardalany","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makwan Jabar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rezvan","family":"Bakhtiarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07205-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070625"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/padi\/8822220"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08655.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2024.3431234"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020192"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(11)70143-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.61186\/JSportBiomech.9.3.234","article-title":"Evaluation of Spatio-Temporal Gait Variability During Obstacle Crossing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Azadian E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Biomechanics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jpd-191682"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00255"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1842920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25154795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.527837"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23335432.2019.1597643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, Progression and Mortality","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn M. 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