{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1770176332472,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms but also includes nonmotor impairments such as sensory disturbances. Temporal discrimination (TD) deficits have been repeatedly demonstrated, while proprioceptive dysfunction is also common in PD. The exact significance of these alterations, and whether they represent related aspects of a common pathophysiological process, remains elusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated somatosensory and kinesthetic TD as well as proprioceptive accuracy in 20 PD patients and compared 20 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls (HCs). Somatosensory TD threshold (STDT) was assessed using paired cutaneous electrical stimuli and TD motor thresholds (TDMTs) by electrically induced wrist flexions. Proprioception was measured with two tasks requiring wrist flexion to predefined angles (LED task) or to reproduce angular ranges (ARROW task), without visual feedback. Clinical assessment comprised MDS\u2010UPDRS III, Hoehn and Yahr stage, levodopa dosage, and disease duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PD patients exhibited significantly elevated thresholds compared to HC for both STDT (120.3\u2009\u00b1\u200942.3\u2009ms vs. 80.8\u2009\u00b1\u200917.1\u2009ms,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and TDMT (107.1\u2009\u00b1\u200943.7\u2009ms vs. 77.0\u2009\u00b1\u200916.3\u2009ms,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011). Proprioceptive errors were also higher in PD for the LED (6.7\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u00b0 vs. 3.2\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and ARROW tasks (14.2\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4\u00b0 vs. 2.1\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u00b0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). No significant correlations were observed between TD, proprioceptive measures, or clinical severity indices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD patients show pronounced impairments in both TD and proprioceptive accuracy, confirming sensory processing deficits beyond motor dysfunction. The absence of correlations suggests distinct mechanisms, highlighting the need for further neurophysiological research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/padi\/8849526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T14:04:11Z","timestamp":1770127451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Discrimination and Proprioceptive Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Evidence for Distinct Sensory Dysfunction Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Junge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten M.","family":"Odorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.12.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.4210-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/35-09-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.17.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00157-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000151961.14861.ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e31827b1a54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31139-2","article-title":"Temporal Discrimination at the Neck Region is Associated With Severity of Cervical Dystonia","author":"Odorfer T. 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