{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:35:11Z","timestamp":1784334911404,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Autoantibodies against \u03b2\u2010cell components in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are characteristic of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The genetic and autoimmune determinants of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Ethiopians are not yet thoroughly characterized, with studies indicating a lower occurrence of autoantibodies related to T1D compared to Caucasians. The study aimed to determine the occurrence of autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes (T1D), celiac disease (CD), and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in conjunction with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genotype in Ethiopian children and adolescents with T1D.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n This cross\u2010sectional study included 206 children and adolescents with T1D (ranging from 1 to 18 years old) with a median disease duration of 6 years, alongside 200 age\u2010matched control children (ranging from 1 to 6 years old). Participants were recruited from Adama, Asella, and Bishoftu Hospitals in Ethiopia. The study involved genotyping of HLA alleles, specifically HLA\u2010DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 04 (including DR4 subtypes). Additionally, autoantibodies targeting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma\u2010associated protein (IA\u20102A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A), tissue transglutaminase (tTGA), and thyroid peroxidase (TPOA) were analyzed using antibody detection by agglutination PCR (ADAP) assays.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n The most common haplotype found in participants with T1D was HLA\u2010(DR3)\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 05\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 02 haplotype (36.4%) (OR\u2009=\u20095.0;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009 < 0.000001). In addition, HLA\u2010DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0405\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 03\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 02 (19.3%, OR\u2009=\u200910.8;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009 < 0.000001), HLA\u2010DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0405\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 03\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0302 (9.2%, OR\u2009=\u20093.1;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001), and HLA\u2010DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0401\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 03\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0302 (3.2%, OR\u2009=\u200920.0;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002) were significantly increased among T1D patients. Conversely, HLA\u2010(DR15)\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0602, HLA\u2010(DR13)\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0603, HLA\u2010(DR1\/10)\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0501, HLA\u2010(DR13)\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0604, HLA\u2010DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0404\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 03\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 04, HLA\u2010(DR7)\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0201\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 02, HLA\u2010(DR11\/12\/13)\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 05\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0301, and HLA\u2010DRB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0403\u2010DQA1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 03\u2010DQB1\n \u2009<\/jats:italic>\n \u2217<\/jats:sup>\n 0302 were noted as the most protective haplotypes with a significant\n p<\/jats:italic>\n value and, with ORs ranging from 0.05 to 0.5. The overall frequency of any islet autoantibodies in children and adolescents with T1D was 81.1% compared to 5.5% in the control group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009 < 0.0001). While comparing antibody positivity between individuals with T1D and controls, GADA was found in 69% versus 2%, IA\u20102A in 24% versus 1.5%, ZnT8A in 32% versus 2%, tTGA in 14% versus 2%, and TPOA in 17% versus 5%, respectively (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009 < 0.0001). Individuals carrying DR4\u2010DQ8 or DR3\u2010DQ2 haplotypes exhibited a higher prevalence of IA\u20102A and tTGA (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n The HLA risk profile typical of sub\u2010Saharan African population was observed in Ethiopians with T1D. Furthermore, they have a notably high prevalence of autoantibodies associated with T1D, CD, and AITD, which differs from earlier reports from the region but aligns with patterns observed in Caucasians.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/pedi\/8258430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T04:48:19Z","timestamp":1755492499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diabetes, Celiac, and Thyroid\u2010Related Autoantibodies in HLA Genotyped Ethiopian Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0046-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adugna Negussie","family":"Gudeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lempainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Agardh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030422"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268783"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2007.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12327"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2609"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2020.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1433-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_8_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1305"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.131111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1740-2557-4-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.999287"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2021.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.5b00340"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22201009.2011.10872264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1167-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221683"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05229-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-04975-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-018-0622-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.4.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000381547"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","unstructured":"LenziL. 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