{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:07:00Z","timestamp":1790672820783,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder tendinopathy is the most common cause of shoulder pain and one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, for which there is need for better treatment options with fewer complications. This study aimed to determine the effect of local injection of oxygen\u2010ozone, corticosteroid, and prolotherapy under ultrasound guidance in the treatment of shoulder tendinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial, 45 patients with shoulder tendinopathy were selected by a sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 individuals each (local injection of oxygen\u2010ozone, corticosteroid, and prolotherapy). Patients\u2019 symptoms were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Constant Score, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), range of motion, and ultrasound findings before treatment, 2\u2009weeks, 2\u2009months, and 6\u2009months after intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VAS scores, SPADI, Constant Score, bursal thickness, and range of motion improved in all three groups following treatment. The lowest pain intensity based on the VAS scale at 2\u2009weeks was observed in the corticosteroid group, while at 2 and 6\u2009months, the lowest pain intensity was observed in the prolotherapy group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three treatment options are effective for patients with shoulder tendinopathy. This study demonstrated that the effects of prolotherapy and oxygen\u2010ozone injections last longer than those of corticosteroid injections. Corticosteroid injections are more effective for short\u2010term pain relief.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20151017024572N17\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/1582085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1790671342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Ultrasound\u2010Guided Injection of Oxygen\u2010Ozone vs. Corticosteroid vs. Prolotherapy in the Treatment of Shoulder Tendinopathy: A Prospective, Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Babaei-Ghazani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2013-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naseh","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijan","family":"Forogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lobaneh","family":"Janbazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tannaz","family":"Ahadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosna","family":"Soleymanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Jahanjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Fadavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzane","family":"Rouzegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.724281"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0150-9861(04)96989-1","article-title":"Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Disc by Intradiscal and Intraforaminal Oxygen-Ozone (O2-O3) Injection","volume":"31","author":"Muto M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199204000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Faruqi T.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Sutaria R.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0000000000002343"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_181_20","article-title":"Comparison of the Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Prolotherapy in Supraspinatus Tendon With Ultrasound-Guided Corticosteroid Injection of Subacromial Subdeltoid Bursa in Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain: A Clinical Trial Study","volume":"10","author":"Nasiri A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advanced Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211007799"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-99370-5_19","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Oxygen Ozone Therapy in the Treatment of Disc Herniation and Low Back Pain","volume":"108","author":"Borrelli E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Therapeutic Dosage of Ozone Inhibits Autophagy and Apoptosis of Nerve Roots in a Chemically Induced Radiculoneuritis Rat Model","volume":"22","author":"Wang M.-Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s175441"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","volume-title":"Prolotherapy: Review With Background History, Mechanism of Action, and Current Evidence","author":"Taheem Y.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.20078"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200503000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198303000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658000800302"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12153"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuyW. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology 1976 US Department of Health Education and Welfare Rockville MD.","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0223"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0000000000000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jimc.v6i4.13447"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_2","first-page":"590","article-title":"Comparing the Effects of Simultaneous Intra-Articular and Periarticular Prolotherapy and Intra-Articular Prolotherapy Alone in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis and Effusion: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Sharareh R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bco.0000000000001206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2022.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230173"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_2","article-title":"Pain Reduction and Changes in Serum Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and Glucose Levels After Epidural Injections With Different Doses of Corticosteroid","volume":"27","author":"Hao C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2022.00101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Comparison of Corticosteroid Injection and Ozone Injection for Relief of Pain in Chronic Lateral Epicondylitis","volume":"85","author":"Ulusoy G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0000000000001240"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_2","article-title":"Diagnosis and Non-Operative Treatment of Shoulder Pain","author":"Lee S.-U.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2022-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_2","first-page":"674","article-title":"Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Prolotherapy on Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"63","author":"Karim S. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17532\/jhsci.2016.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_2","article-title":"Periarticular Neurofascial Dextrose Prolotherapy Versus Physiotherapy for the Treatment of Chronic Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Randomized Clinical Trial. JCR","author":"Mofrad M. K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2022\/v34i36B36189","article-title":"The Effects of Ozone Therapy on the Expression of IL-8, IL-10, CXCL9 and CXCL11 in Joint Fluid in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis","author":"Chi H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_2","unstructured":"BocciV. BorrelliE. ZanardiI. andTravagliV. The Usefulness of Ozone Treatment in Spinal Pain 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v72i1.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rehabilitation. What is Better for Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Dextrose Prolotherapy, Platelet-Rich Plasma, or Corticosteroid Injections? A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"47","author":"Sabaah H. M. A. E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E329","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2023.26.E329","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Shoulder Intraarticular Ozone Injection Versus Pulsed Radiofrequency Application for Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"26","author":"Foula A. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12268"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.22221"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58600\/eurjther2227"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_2","article-title":"Promising Results of Prolotherapy in an Elderly Male With Bilateral Partial Rotator Cuff Lesions","volume":"48","author":"Seven M. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2018.03.016"}],"container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/prm\/1582085","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/prm\/1582085","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/prm\/1582085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:42:30Z","timestamp":1790671350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/prm\/1582085"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/prm\/1582085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/prm\/1582085","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1203-6765","1918-1523"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1203-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1918-1523","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1582085"}}