{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T10:15:16Z","timestamp":1788084916834,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":241,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019155","name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-B648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-B648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative pain is common among cardiac surgery patients, with some experiencing moderate to severe pain that persists for months. Photobiomodulation (PBM)\u2014red light therapy, as a physical therapy, has been validated for promoting wound healing and alleviating neuropathic pain. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of red light therapy in relieving acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing median sternotomy for cardiac surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single\u2010center retrospective cohort study included 264 patients who underwent cardiac surgery at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between January 2024 and February 2025. Among them, 184 patients were used as the control group, and the patients in the control group did not receive red light therapy during their stay in the CICU, while 80 patients in the observation group received PBM within 2\u2009h after entering the CICU on the day of surgery. The incidence of acute postoperative pain, critical\u2010care pain observation tool (CPOT) scores, morphine milligram equivalents per kilogram (MME\/kg), and wound healing outcomes were compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence of acute pain was significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (38.8% vs 57.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Additionally, CPOT scores and MME\/kg were significantly reduced in the observation group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were observed in postoperative drainage output or the incidence of poor wound healing between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective cohort, early application of red light therapy was associated with alleviated acute postoperative pain and reduced opioid consumption, with no observed increase in wound\u2010related complications. These findings suggest that PBM may serve as a safe and effective nonpharmacological adjunct for postoperative pain management in cardiac surgery patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/5561041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T09:47:31Z","timestamp":1788083251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nursing\u2010Integrated Photobiomodulation Therapy for Post\u2010Sternotomy Pain Management: A Retrospective Analysis of Acute Pain Alleviation and Opioid Sparing in a Single\u2010Center Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7074-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2525-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9121-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5668-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-9852.2021.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S167524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12089\/jca.2022.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3761\/j.issn.0254-1769.2021.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3870\/hlxzz.2012.22.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14163\/j.cnki.11-5547\/r.2016.25.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2022.14.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12307\/2024.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-9202.2023.14.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515114550441"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37188\/OPE.20223010.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12089\/jca.2024.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3761\/j.issn.0254-1769.2023.16.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19554\/j.cnki.1001-3563.2019.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.1321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458"}],"container-title":["Pain 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