{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:39:12Z","timestamp":1773013152830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ganglion impar block (GIB) is a commonly used interventional option for refractory chronic coccydynia. Caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI) targets the sacral and coccygeal roots and may theoretically augment the analgesic efficacy of GIB. Evidence comparing GIB alone with a combined GIB and CESI approach, however, remains limited. This study compared long\u2010term pain outcomes after GIB monotherapy versus GIB combined with CESI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective single\u2010center study (Jan 2020\u2013May 2025), we evaluated 56 adults with chronic coccydynia who underwent GIB alone (Group A) or in combination with CESI (Group B). Pain intensity was assessed using the 11\u2010point numeric rating scale (NRS\u201011) at baseline and at 1\u2009h, 1\u2009month, and 6\u2009months after the procedure. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore predictors of 6\u2010month response, including early postprocedural pain change and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant improvements in pain intensity were observed in both groups and sustained over 6\u2009months. Responder rates at 6\u2009months were comparable between the GIB\u2010only (41.7%) and GIB with CESI (45.0%) groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that greater early pain relief (baseline to 1\u2009h) significantly predicted 6\u2010month favorable outcomes (OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.26\u20133.42;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004), whereas male sex was associated with significantly reduced odds of response (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.72;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single\u2010center retrospective cohort, GIB was associated with sustained pain relief in a substantial proportion of patients with chronic coccydynia, while the addition of CESI did not confer a clear incremental benefit. Importantly, immediate postprocedural pain relief served as a robust predictor of long\u2010term success, whereas male sex was identified as a negative prognostic factor. Prospective, adequately powered randomized trials are needed to confirm these exploratory findings and to refine patient selection for GIB\u2010based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT07200765\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/8614330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:21:38Z","timestamp":1773008498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Long\u2010Term Response to Ganglion Impar Block With or Without Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection in Chronic Coccydynia: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4941-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3627-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"Bakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3474-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bedri","family":"Ilcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0374-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Bercem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3256-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nureddin","family":"Teker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7042-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebnem","family":"Rumeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain","volume":"14","author":"Lirette L. 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S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm-142137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","article-title":"Coccygeal Nerve Blockade Vs. Impar Ganglion Blockade in Coccydynia: A Randomised Clinical Trial","author":"Gen\u00e7 P. G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","first-page":"1413","article-title":"A Comparative and Retrospective Study on the Efficacy of Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection Plus Ganglion Impar Block Versus Ganglion Impar Block in Patients With Coccydynia","volume":"29","author":"Samet Sancar K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2023.103897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1908-167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Improve Functional Results Over Pulsed Radiofrequency in Ganglion Impar Treatments for Coccydynia","author":"Pilco I. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion"}],"container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/prm\/8614330","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/prm\/8614330","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/prm\/8614330","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:21:41Z","timestamp":1773008501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/prm\/8614330"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/prm\/8614330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/prm\/8614330","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1203-6765","1918-1523"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1203-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1918-1523","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8614330"}}