{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:51:07Z","timestamp":1791204667392,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":277,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Radiology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is well established that diagnostic X\u2010ray practices must be optimized to keep patient radiation dose as low as possible with providing the diagnostic information required. The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends diagnostic reference levels as a practical means to optimize radiation doses in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. The aim of this study was to propose national diagnostic reference levels for routine pediatric chest X\u2010ray examinations in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anthropometric and radiographic parametric data were collected from 975 patients. A standard patient was defined based on the mean values of weight, height, and BMI for the age groups of 5 to 10 and 10 to 15\u2009years old. The exposure parameter, entrance surface air kerma, was calculated. NDRLs for entrance surface air kerma were defined as the 75\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      percentile of dose values.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The suggested national diagnostic reference levels of chest X\u2010ray examinations were 0.07\u2009mGy and 0.53\u2009mGy for age groups 5\u2010&lt;\u200910 and 10\u2010&lt;\u200915, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 75th percentile of dose values determined in this study was higher than those published in the literature. The findings reveal significant variability in ESD across hospitals, primarily due to the use of inappropriate radiological parameters. A notable inconsistency in the selection of kV and mAs parameters was also observed, underscoring the need for standardized radiological protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/rrp\/4441505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:54:44Z","timestamp":1791201284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Establishment of National Diagnostic Reference Levels for Pediatric Chest X\u2010Ray Examinations in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4485-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leul Adane","family":"Chemeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia  aau.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seife Teferi","family":"Dellie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia  aau.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getu","family":"Ferenji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College  Addis Ababa Ethiopia  sphmmc.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6487-4426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Zewdneh","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia  aau.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6547-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marema Jebessa","family":"Kumsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Radiologic Technology College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia  aau.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1865-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Innovation Management Adama Science and Technology University  Adama Ethiopia  astu.edu.et"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","volume-title":"European Guidelines on Diagnostic Reference Levels for Paediatric Imaging","author":"European Commission","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26682\/sjuod.2020.23.2.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2020.100282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","volume-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig","author":"Bekas M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64294\/jsd.v3i4.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1697-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-019-00533-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i5.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncx010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","unstructured":"Report to the General Assembly SCIENTIFIC ANNEXES A and B."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","unstructured":"SodhiK. 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