{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:23:58Z","timestamp":1789586638872,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2191,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2191,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic> Although the incidence of reported cases of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) has declined in\nrecent years, the disease continues to occur in menstruating women using the newer, less\u2010absorbent tampons or barrier\ncontraceptives. Extant tampons and other vaginal devices were tested for the ability to induce TSS toxin\u20101 (TSST\u20101)\nby a TSS strain of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> MN8, a known high\u2010toxin producer. Tested for the first time were 20 varieties\nof tampons, including 2 all\u2010cotton brands newly introduced in the United States, a polyurethane contraceptive sponge,\na latex diaphragm, and a polymer menstrual collection cup.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic> All products were washed in sterile distilled water prior to use to reduce the effect of\nleachable chemicals. Duplicate experiments with unwashed products were also performed. Entire tampons and other\ntest products were immersed in brain heart infusion broth plus yeast extract (BHIY) and inoculated with <jats:italic>S.\naureus<\/jats:italic> MN8, a known TSST\u20101 producer. After incubation, the culture supernatants were assayed for TSST\u20101 by\ngel immunodiffusion.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic> Except for all\u2010cotton tampons, greater amounts of TSST\u20101 were detected in the supernatant\nfluid of washed tampons than detected in those which were not washed. While TSST\u20101 levels in unwashed non\u2010cotton \ntampons ranged from 0.5 to 8 \u03bcg\/ml, when these products were washed, TSST\u20101 levels increased to 2\u201332\n\u03bcg\/ml. In all\u2010cotton tampons, whether washed or not, there was no detectable TSST\u20101.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic> The propensity for all\u2010cotton tampons not to amplify TSST\u20101 in vitro suggests they\nwould lower the risk for tampon\u2010associated TSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/s1064744994000542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,7]],"date-time":"2007-03-07T13:01:22Z","timestamp":1173272482000},"page":"140-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Propensity of Tampons and Barrier Contraceptives to Amplify <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin\u2010I"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Philip M.","family":"Tierno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,7,21]]},"container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/idog\/1994\/342672.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/idog\/1994\/342672.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/S1064744994000542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:57:49Z","timestamp":1723060669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/S1064744994000542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/S1064744994000542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/s1064744994000542","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-7449","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1994-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1994-07-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}