{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1791821046881,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":350,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stem Cells International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontitis refers to a chronic inflammatory illness that induces the destruction of periodontal tissues and can be driven by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of pathogens. This study investigated the anti\u2010inflammatory potential and underlying mechanisms of ferulic acid (FA) in periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An in vitro periodontitis model was established by treating human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) with 10 \u00b5g\/mL LPS for 24\u2009h. The experimental groups included a control group, an LPS\u2010treated group, and an LPS\u2009+\u2009FA cotreatment group. In addition, phorbol 12\u2010myristate 13\u2010acetate (PMA) treatment was used for nuclear factor\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B (NF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B) pathway activation. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit\u20108 (CCK\u20108) test, and osteogenic differentiation was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) staining. Apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry utilizing Annexin V\u2010APC\/PI double staining. Protein expressions were measured by Western blot. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was measured via enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study uncovered that FA alleviates LPS\u2010induced inflammatory responses in hPDLSCs, promoting cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. FA inhibits NF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B pathway activation, reduces proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha [TNF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ], interleukin [IL]\u20101\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , IL\u20106), increases anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine IL\u201010, and upregulates osteogenic markers (runt\u2010related transcription factor 2 [Runx2], type I collagen [COL1], osteopontin [OPN], osteocalcin [OCN]). However, the protective effects of FA are reversed by the NF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B activator PMA, indicating that its therapeutic efficacy primarily depends on NF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B signaling regulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated FA\u2019s effects on inflammation and osteogenic function in LPS\u2010induced hPDLSCs, revealing its potential to alleviate periodontitis via NF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      B pathway inhibition and identifying a possible therapeutic target for periodontal disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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