{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:30:18Z","timestamp":1787646618121,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1401268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1401268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Catheter\u2010associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms present significant challenges due to escalating multidrug resistance, highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates a novel combinatorial approach employing a cocktail of two lytic bacteriophages (Isf\u2010Pm1 and Isf\u2010Pm2) in conjunction with\n                    <jats:italic>Alhagi maurorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ethanolic extract (AME) to reduce bacterial burden in an established murine model of catheter\u2010associated infection. We hypothesized that the synergistic activity of phages and AME would enhance treatment efficacy, impede resistance development, and promote infection clearance. Using a catheterized BALB\/c mouse model with five experimental groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096 per group), we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the phage\u2013AME combination across varying dosages and treatment durations. Bacterial load (CFU\/mL) was quantified from homogenized kidney and bladder tissues following treatment. The combination of phages at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 and AME at 750\u2009mg\/kg administered over 7\u2009days produced the most pronounced antibacterial effect, achieving a 7\u2010log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction in renal bacterial counts and a 5.3\u2010log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction in bladder bacterial counts. Notably, extending the treatment duration from 3 to 7\u2009days significantly enhanced bacterial clearance in renal tissues (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001), highlighting the critical importance of prolonged therapy for optimizing outcomes. Our findings demonstrate that both dosage and treatment duration significantly influence the therapeutic efficacy of the phage\u2013AME combination, emphasizing the necessity of protocol optimization to improve clinical outcomes for patients with kidney and bladder infections. Collectively, this study presents a promising, mechanistically grounded alternative strategy for combating biofilm\u2010associated CAUTIs and warrants further translational investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/2249075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:04:40Z","timestamp":1787645080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Therapeutic Approach: Phage and\n                    <i>Alhagi maurorum<\/i>\n                    Synergy Against Kidney and Bladder Infection Caused by\n                    <i>Proteus mirabilis<\/i>\n                    in BALB\/c 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