{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:46:37Z","timestamp":1792046797057,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":286,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L2604047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2604047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations requiring nuanced, individualized management. Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in clinical reasoning, but their consistency with physician decision\u2010making in nonsurgical TED management remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured 19\u2010item questionnaire covering medical, injection\u2010based, and radiotherapeutic treatments for TED was distributed to 17 oculoplastic surgeons across the Asia\u2010Pacific region. Responses were binarized (1\u2009=\u2009selected, 0\u2009=\u2009not selected) and compared with standardized outputs from GPT and Gemini. Jaccard and cosine similarity indices were calculated to quantify the alignment between physicians and LLMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, GPT and Gemini demonstrated comparable alignment with clinicians\u2019 treatment preferences. Both models closely matched physician consensus regarding glucocorticoid use and radiotherapy indications but diverged in immunosuppressant selection and injection\u2010based strategies. Similarity was generally consistent across physician experience and patient\u2010volume subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GPT and Gemini demonstrated moderate agreement with participating oculoplastic surgeons in structured nonsurgical TED management scenarios. These findings support further evaluation of LLM\u2010assisted applications within controlled clinical validation frameworks, and additional validation using guideline\u2010based benchmarks and real\u2010world clinical scenarios is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/2900790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:21:08Z","timestamp":1792045268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison Between Oculoplastic Surgeons and Two Large Language Models in the Nonsurgical Management of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Questionnaire\u2010Based Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7907-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqi","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China  ccmu.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China  ccmu.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijia","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China  ccmu.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China  ccmu.edu.cn"},{"name":"Institute of Digital Ophthalmology and Visual Science Changsha Aier Eye Hospital  Changsha Hunan China  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