{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:08:54Z","timestamp":1789063734883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/2023-00834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023-00834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013969","name":"Nelson Mandela University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sanitation workers are also known as \u2018garbage workers\u2019 who play a significant role in the sanitation chain. For many generations, sanitation workers\u2019 level of knowledge regarding hygiene practices remains low due to a lack of educational programs on hygiene. As a result, they are widely exposed to hygiene\u2010related diseases such as cholera, skin infections and various other diseases, increasing their risk of mortality to 40%. This review aims to explore the global impact of educational programs on the hygiene knowledge and practices of sanitation workers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The systematic literature search was conducted for studies published between 2013 and 2023 using the following databases: MEDLINE (via EBSCOHost), PubMed and Google Scholar to identify quantitative studies on the subject. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Evaluation Instruments. Data extracted from the included articles were presented using a summary of findings table and presented graphically through charts and tables, employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The PRISMA flow diagram was used to present the article selection process.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The systematic review included 15 eligible studies from a total of 2777 articles. At least 60% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) of the reviewed studies found educational program relating to hygiene to have a positive impact on sanitation workers\u2019 hygiene knowledge and practices. However, most (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097) studies indicated that the efficacy of programs on hygiene knowledge and practices is indirectly influenced by educational background, age and work experience (predictor factors).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Educational programs regarding hygiene have the potential to significantly improve sanitation workers knowledge and practices. Findings also suggest the implementation of active and intensive intervention programs to improve sanitation workers hygiene knowledge and practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/3265559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T10:38:35Z","timestamp":1756118315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Educational Intervention on Hygiene Knowledge and Practices of Sanitation Workers Globally: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5721-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alive","family":"Ntunja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-6354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilma 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