{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1789974220976,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":262,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intestinal helminthiases are major global health concerns affecting over a billion people, causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in both humans and livestock. The growing emergence of drug\u2010resistant parasites has intensified the search for new, safe anthelmintic alternatives. This study evaluated the anthelmintic potential of bark extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>Terminalia superba<\/jats:italic>\n                      against intestinal nematode infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were tested in vitro for ovicidal and larvicidal effects against\n                      <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs and larval stages at concentrations ranging from 0.3125 to 5\u2009mg\/mL, in triplicate, using a high\u2010throughput worm microtracker. Albendazole served as positive control, and distilled water served as negative control. IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values were derived from concentration\u2013response curves via nonlinear regression in GraphPad Prism. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, reducing power, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, while cytotoxicity was evaluated by hemolysis assay on human red blood cells with 1.0% Tween 20 as positive control. Phytochemical screening and UHPLC\u2010MS\/MS fingerprinting were performed to characterize bioactive compounds. Molecular docking against succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tubulin, alongside ADME predictions, were conducted using Schr\u00f6dinger Maestro, with toxicity assessed via ProTox\u2010III.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both extracts exhibited concentration\u2010dependent ovicidal and larvicidal activity. The aqueous extract was more effective against eggs and L1 larvae (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 1.2 and 0.3\u2009mg\/mL), while the ethanolic extract outperformed the aqueous extract against L2 and L3 larvae (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 0.09 and 0.8\u2009mg\/mL). The ethanolic extract demonstrated superior DPPH radical scavenging activity IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 0.75\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (95% CI: 0.14\u20131.62), compared to the aqueous extract, 6.26\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (4.07\u20139.50), and vitamin C, 1.91\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (1.38\u20132.55). Both extracts showed minimal cytotoxicity, with hemolysis of 7.6% and 2% at 1000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed a rich profile of tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, with UHPLC\u2010MS\/MS confidently identifying 82 of over 300 detected features. Top docking candidates against\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tubulin included kaempferol (\u22128.033), brevifolin\u2010carboxylic acid (\u22127.985), luteolin (\u22127.954), scutellarein (\u22127.373), and (\u2212)\u2010epicatechin (\u22126.980), all surpassing albendazole (\u22123.728). Against SDH, leading compounds were termilignan (\u22126.767), cyanidin (\u22126.659), hesperetin (\u22126.314), combretastatin A\u20101 (\u22126.274), and luteolin (\u22126.166), outperforming albendazole (\u22125.541). ADME profiling of these leading compounds indicated favorable oral absorption and bioavailability. ProTox\u2010III classified all top compounds at low toxicity levels (class \u2265 4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study offers preliminary scientific support for the traditional use of\n                      <jats:italic>T. superba<\/jats:italic>\n                      bark extracts in managing intestinal helminthiases, warranting further in vivo validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/4297066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:29:30Z","timestamp":1789972170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, and Anthelmintic Activity of the Bark Extracts of\n                    <i>Terminalia superba<\/i>\n                    Against the Murine Intestinal Nematode\n                    <i>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/i>\n                    : An Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Approach"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0262-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bismarck","family":"Nganji Nsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1451-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Echi","family":"Ebanga Eyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Yamssi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia A. 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