{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:41:23Z","timestamp":1792392083672,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In southern Thailand, characterized by high rainfall for 9\u2009months each year (2340\u2009mm annually), hookworm prevalence is consistently higher than that of\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Such wet climatic conditions may favor hookworm transmission while limiting\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Conversely, living in crowded, cluster settlements may enhance the transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We aimed to determine whether\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits a focal distribution pattern\u2014often related to close contact within households or small communities\u2014and whether this pattern distinctively differs from that of hookworm infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comparative observational study involving 346 of 418 village residents across eight designated subareas. Subareas 2, 4, 6, and 7 featured cluster settlements; Subareas 3 and 5 were diffuse low\u2010income settings; and Subareas 1 and 8 represented mixed\u2010density low\u2010income areas. Each subarea contained at least one household lacking latrines. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using agar plate culture and the modified formalin\u2010ether concentration technique to detect helminths. The spatial distributions of both infections were subsequently mapped and analyzed using spatial dispersion indices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the eight subareas, six demonstrated a higher hookworm\u2010to\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence ratio, ranging from 1.59:1 to 10:1. Conversely, Subareas 2 and 8 exhibited near\u2010equivalent ratios, ranging from 1.38:1 to 1.75:1 (exact binomial\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.453, OR\u2009=\u20092.50 [discordant pairs\u2009=\u20097] and exact binomial\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.109, OR\u2009=\u20094.00 [discordant pairs\u2009=\u200910], respectively). Subareas 3 and 5 showed the strongest dominance of hookworm over\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , at 10:1 and 7.7:1, respectively. Geographical and inequality indices revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      clustered focally across all subareas except 3 and 5, whereas hookworm infections were more broadly and uniformly distributed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In southern Thailand, strongyloidiasis appears to cluster within households, supporting the hypothesis of close\u2010contact transmission, whereas hookworm infection is more widely distributed. These spatial differences suggest distinct, tailored targeting strategies are necessary for hookworm control and\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/6861451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:50:54Z","timestamp":1792389054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strongyloidiasis as a Focal Household Cluster of Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminthiasis in Rural Tropical Rainforest Southern Thailand: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Attarat","family":"Pattanawongsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasit","family":"Na-ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science School of Medicine Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patthanasak","family":"Khammaneechan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"EC for PHR Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0739-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blego","family":"Sedionoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University  Samarinda East Kalimantan Indonesia  unmul.ac.id"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1509-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witthaya","family":"Anamnart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","volume-title":"Rainfall Data Retrieved From Worlddata.Info\/Climate Comparison","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(03)90069-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand: An Analysis of the Present Situation","volume":"92","author":"Kasuya S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012331"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017d7-196"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"378","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis Infection and Chronological Changes of Other Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases in an Endemic Area of Southern Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Anantaphruti M. 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