{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:13:28Z","timestamp":1788164008202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":242,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n ) antibiotics in\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n has emerged as a significant therapeutic challenge.\n erm<\/jats:italic>\n gene\u2013encoded ribosomal methylation is expressed either constitutively or inducibly, causing resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin with possible induction of clindamycin resistance during therapy.\n msrA<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010mediated active drug efflux confers resistance to macrolides and streptogramin B while preserving clindamycin susceptibility. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates and correlate between the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of clindamycin resistance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to September 2023 at a tertiary care hospital laboratory. A total of 233 clinical isolates of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n were included from exudate, blood, and bodily fluids. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Vitek 2 Compact system and interpreted according to CLSI 2022 and 2023 guidelines. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected using the D\u2010test. Multiplex and uniplex PCR assays were performed for the detection of\n ermA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ermB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ermC<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n msrA<\/jats:italic>\n genes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 233\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, methicillin resistance was identified in 45.9% (107\/233) isolates. The prevalence of constitutive MLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n (cMLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n ), inducible MLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n (iMLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n ), and MS phenotypes was 23.17%, 12.01%, and 10.3%, respectively. Overall clindamycin resistance was observed in 38.6% (90\/233; 95% CI: 32.6%\u201345.0%). The\n ermC<\/jats:italic>\n gene was detected in 30.47% (71\/233) isolates, while\n msrA<\/jats:italic>\n was identified in 9.44% (22\/233), including 91.7% of isolates of the MS phenotype. Neither\n ermA<\/jats:italic>\n nor\n ermB<\/jats:italic>\n genes were detected. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, and tigecycline.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n ermC<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010mediated MLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n resistance was present in 30.5% of isolates, with cMLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n (23.2%) being more common than iMLS\n B<\/jats:sub>\n (12.0%). Routine D\u2010testing is essential to avoid clinical failure when using clindamycin for erythromycin\u2010resistant, clindamycin\u2010susceptible\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n . Also, 8 isolates were clindamycin resistant and susceptible to erythromycin, showcasing the diversity of the resistance profile of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n toward MLS\n B.<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/8532158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T07:14:07Z","timestamp":1788160447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection and Genotypic Characterization of Clindamycin Resistance Among\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n Clinical Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5946-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raechal Sanjana","family":"Hans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1425-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchitra Shenoy","family":"M.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1835603"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0291-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.78558"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.39274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology","author":"Ausubel F. 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