{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:49:03Z","timestamp":1784227743435,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":265,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Inflammation helps the immune system identify and eliminate disease\u2010causing and foreign stimuli and initiate the healing process. Nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs have been often used in treating inflammation. Synthetic drugs have been associated with severe effects, necessitating the need for alternative medicinal agents. Herbal remedies have comparatively fewer side effects, are widely available, and are arguably affordable, which makes them more attractive therapeutic agents.\n                    <jats:italic>Ficus sycomorus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is utilized by Kenya\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>Mbeere<\/jats:italic>\n                    community to treat inflammation. However, the science\u2010based data to support their claim were lacking. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) leaf and stem bark extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>sycomorus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have anti\u2010inflammatory qualities in mice. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) andliquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) were used in phytochemical analysis of the extracts. In anti\u2010inflammatory assays, 6\u20137\u2010week\u2010old mice were randomly grouped into six clusters with five mice each. Group one mice were administered normal saline. Groups of two to four mice were injected with carrageenan to induce inflammation and then received various treatments. Group two mice received the vehicle (normal saline), while group three mice received diclofenac (15\u2009mg\/kg body weight [bw]). The extracts were administered to the remaining groups at 50, 100, and 200\u2009mg\/kg bw. One\u2010way analysis of variance was used to assess for statistically significant differences, followed by Tukey\u2019s post hoc tests in case of statistical significance. The significance threshold was inferred at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05. This study revealed significant anti\u2010edema effects of the extracts on carrageenan\u2010induced paw inflammation in mice. The GC\u2013MS analysis identified fatty acids, terpenoids, and terpenes, which have been associated with anti\u2010edema effects. In conclusion, the findings showed that the extracts have anti\u2010edema effects and phytocompounds associated with the effects.\n                    <jats:italic>F. sycomorus<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract is hence a novel candidate for developing efficacious anti\u2010inflammatory agents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/8849948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T06:49:38Z","timestamp":1758696578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemical Profile and Assessment of In Vivo Anti\u2010Inflammatory Efficacy of\n                    <i>Ficus sycomorus<\/i>\n                    L. (Moraceae) Extracts in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Maina","family":"Gitahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Wothaya","family":"Muthee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew Piero","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Kingori","family":"Machocho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","volume-title":"Chronic Inflammation","author":"Pahwa R.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-025-03066-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/mojt.2018.03.00081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s167789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"New Look to Phytomedicine","author":"Khan M. S. A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2718629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000895"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10020065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2021.v10.i6e.14313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1367075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Solanum melongena Linn. in Experimental Animals","volume":"9","author":"Umamageswari M. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2020.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"797","volume-title":"Stat Pearls","author":"Ghlichloo I.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory Agents From Medicinal Plants. Phytochemical Drug Discovery for Central Nervous System Disorders","author":"Tung B. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Therapeutic Effects"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Can Sub-Saharan Africa Become Food Self-Sufficient? Supply Response Analysis of Sunflower Oil Producers in Tanzania","author":"Mgeni C. P.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Agriculture: Social-Ecological Transitions and Bio-Cultural Shifts"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8814504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","article-title":"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 8% Methanol Extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. F.) Iwarsson Leaves in Rodent Models","volume":"3","author":"Alemu A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s389430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i1.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2017.6407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20648-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-020-0235-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Facing Toxicity: First Report on the Predation of Siphonops paulensis (CAECILIDAE) by Athene Cunicularia (STRIGIDAE)","volume":"30","author":"Silva E. M. L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de la Sociedad Zool\u00f3gica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","volume-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Alfaro R. A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2023.100152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajidv17i2s.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1177050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-020-00065-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-020-00080-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0027666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1530-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-022-01069-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.820969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2022.100135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6681352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Flavonols and Flavones as Potential Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Compounds","volume":"1155","author":"Chagas M. S. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59451-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026622666220623114450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00219-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of p-Coumaric Acid, a Natural Compound of Oldenlandia diffusa, on Arthritis Model Rats","volume":"5","author":"Zhu H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.599959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2012.654608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","article-title":"Terpenes and Terpenoids as Main Bioactive Compounds of Essential Oils, Their Roles in Human Health and Potential Application as Natural Food Preservatives","volume":"13","author":"Masyita A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823944-5.00012-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061445"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md18030147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1126549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114175"}],"container-title":["Scientifica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/sci5\/8849948","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/sci5\/8849948","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/sci5\/8849948","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1772967976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/sci5\/8849948"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Carradori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/sci5\/8849948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/sci5\/8849948","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-908X","2090-908X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-908X","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-908X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8849948"}}