{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:48:29Z","timestamp":1791614909744,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the fourth leading cause of disability\u2010adjusted life years worldwide, yet disease\u2010modifying treatment remains largely confined to reperfusion of large\u2010vessel ischemic occlusion within a narrow window. No neuroprotective or hemostatic agent has entered routine practice. Engineered nanoparticles have been proposed to improve delivery across the blood\u2013brain barrier, concentrate drug within the ischemic or perihematomal microenvironment, and add imaging or sensing functions. The resulting literature is large but fragmented across platforms, models, and outcome measures, so it is not evident which platforms carry the strongest evidence or which are closest to clinical evaluation. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on nanoparticle\u2010based diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and monitoring in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception to July 2025 using predefined Boolean strings and assigned each included study an evidence tier to separate extrapolated and cross\u2010field evidence from stroke\u2010specific data. Comparative tables summarize nanoparticle type, payload, model, route, dose, treatment window, particle size and surface charge, principal outcomes, safety assessment, and translational readiness. Therapeutic evidence is almost entirely preclinical: Efficacy has been shown in young, male, comorbidity\u2010free rodents treated within minutes of reperfusion and followed for 24\u2009h to 28 days, with group sizes typically between three and 15, and few studies reporting any bleeding or coagulation endpoint. Diagnostic applications are closer to patients because iron\u2010oxide nanoparticles have already been given to humans, although not for imaging. We identified seven registered clinical studies of nanoparticle\u2010related interventions in stroke; one perfluorocarbon nanodroplet emulsion completed a randomized dose\u2010escalation trial in acute ischemic stroke, the EU Clinical Trials Register returned none, and none exists in hemorrhagic stroke. Nanoparticle platforms, therefore, remain investigational, and progress will depend less on new chemistry than on comorbid and large\u2010animal models, realistic treatment windows, systematic reporting of bleeding risk and of interference with follow\u2010up imaging, and reproducible manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/srat\/2132328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:52:28Z","timestamp":1791611548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Management of Stroke: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8459-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Furqan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Lahore Punjab Pakistan  kemu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology King Edward Medical University  Lahore Punjab Pakistan  kemu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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U.","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University Medical and Dental College  Faisalabad Punjab Pakistan  duhs.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3166-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Jinnah Sindh Medical University  Karachi Sindh Pakistan  jsmu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaheera","family":"Younus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Jinnah Sindh Medical University  Karachi Sindh Pakistan  jsmu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine King Edward Medical University  Lahore Punjab Pakistan  kemu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology King Edward Medical University  Lahore Punjab Pakistan  kemu.edu.pk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3792-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia Binte","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Mymensingh Medical College Hospital  Mymensingh Mymensingh Division Bangladesh  mmc.gov.bd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center  Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazhar","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA  stonybrook.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA  umd.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Phirke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analytics Program School of Engineering and Applied Science George Washington University  Washington DC USA  gwu.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Division of Diagnostic Imaging The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA  uth.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_20_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318296aeca"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and Its Risk Factors, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000407"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000436"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.552547"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1808088"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00163-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20741"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.541128"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2024.2417190"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3330"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397"},{"key":"e_1_2_20_16_2","volume-title":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 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