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In the Iberian Peninsula, changing land\u2010use patterns and biodiversity loss may be reshaping host communities in ways that alter local transmission dynamics. We conducted a landscape\u2010scale study across 18 sites, integrating serological surveillance of wild ungulates (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091461; 69.4% wild boar, 30.6% red deer) with camera\u2010trap monitoring of mammalian communities, land cover analysis, and climatic data. To capture ecological drivers at different scales, we fitted two generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs): one including all sites to identify broad landscape\u2010level predictors of exposure, and another restricted to endemic sites to evaluate fine\u2010scale dynamics within established transmission foci. Overall, 44.5% of sampled individuals tested positive for CCHF virus (CCHFV) antibodies, with site\u2010level seroprevalence ranging from 1.5% to 81.4%. Across all sites, seroprevalence was positively associated with red deer abundance, underscoring the potential role of red deer as key amplifying host, forest cover, and precipitation seasonality, while small ruminant presence was linked to reduced exposure risk. Within endemic areas, higher mammalian diversity and greater lagomorph abundance were negatively associated with exposure, whereas warmer temperatures promoted circulation. This pattern suggests that more balanced host communities can reduce the efficiency of pathogen transmission. Overall, this study highlights how community structure and environmental change jointly shape CCHFV ecology. The context\u2010dependent nature of ecological drivers support integrated One Health strategies that conserve biodiversity, promote mixed grazing systems, and regulate wild ungulate populations to reduce CCHFV circulation in Mediterranean ecosystems undergoing socioecological transformation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/1152849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:46:42Z","timestamp":1772981202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Host Community Traits Driving Crimean\u2010Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Maintenance in Iberian Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5014-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6238-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Perell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Luque-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7443-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Relimpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2431-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00edlio","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Balseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ruiz-Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Gort\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0091"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(24)00656-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Historical Data on Local Transmission of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever 2024 (accessed September 1 2025)https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/infectious-disease-topics\/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever\/surveillance-and-updates\/local-transmission-eueea-previous-years."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Seasonal surveillance of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) 2025 (accessed June 30 2025)https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever\/surveillance-and-updates\/seasonal."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14578"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2025.111267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Antibodies to Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever, Dhori, Thogoto and Bhanja Viruses in Southern Portugal","volume":"29","author":"Filipe A. 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