{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:05:33Z","timestamp":1776081933737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":154,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The establishment of a reservoir species for zoonotic diseases is concerning for both animal and human health. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS\u2010CoV)\u20102, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID\u201019 pandemic, has been detected in white\u2010tailed deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the United States. Since its initial detection, various studies have documented circulation and evolution of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in deer, with human cases suspected of spill\u2010back from infectious deer. A priority for mitigating SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 outbreaks in deer populations is determining the contribution of direct (via aerosols and physical contact) and indirect (via contaminated objects and media) transmission pathways. We expanded existing epidemiological models founded on direct transmission pathways to include three indirect transmission pathways of infection for simulated deer populations, including contaminated water, food waste, and feed piles. Despite lower infection probabilities and transmission hazards (measured by force\u2010of\u2010infection (FOI)) posed solely by these indirect pathways compared to direct transmission pathways, the addition of indirect transmission pathways increased FOI, which had ramifications for the severity of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 outbreaks in simulated deer populations, particularly in populations with low degrees of spread between deer (measured by basic reproductive number;\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). We used contact rate models to estimate SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spread across deer range in the United States and identified widespread potential for indirect transmission to increase the severity of outbreaks in low\u2010density deer populations. These results indicate that indirect transmission pathways need to be considered in the management of white\u2010tailed deer as a reservoir species for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/1352911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T02:19:35Z","timestamp":1749089975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fomites Could Determine Severity of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Outbreaks in Low\u2010Density White\u2010Tailed Deer (\n                    <i>Odocoileus virginianus<\/i>\n                    ) Populations"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7241-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias G.","family":"Rosenblatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziella V.","family":"DiRenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan H. 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