{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:47:41Z","timestamp":1790189261799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N-1541767-2010-19-0613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-1541767-2010-19-0613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N-1543084-2025-29-0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-1543084-2025-29-0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) is an acute infectious disease of poultry and wild birds that has been occurring worldwide and has been controlled in many countries by culling birds on farms with disease outbreaks. We compared the gross lesions observed in influenza A (H5Nx) virus\u2010positive cases of chickens and ducks in South Korea between 2023 and 2025. A total of 49 outbreaks were identified, comprising 34 cases in chickens and 15 cases in ducks, with both H5N1 and H5N6 subtypes detected. The lesions observed most frequently in chickens included splenomegaly and splenic necrosis, followed by tracheal congestion and pancreatic necrosis. In ducks, tracheal congestion was the most common lesion, followed by pancreatic necrosis and splenomegaly; hemorrhage and\/or necrosis were also observed in the liver, ovarian follicles, heart, and lungs. Gross lesions in poultry caused by the H5N1 virus during the 2024\u20132025 season were observed more frequently than those associated with H5N6 virus in 2023. HPAI cases were characterized by \u22652 HPAI\u2010typical lesions, such as pancreatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, and ovarian follicular hemorrhage, or the presence of HPAI\u2013associated lesions in \u22653 different organs, even in the absence of HPAI\u2010typical lesions. Assessing gross lesions in HPAI cases is crucial for guiding immediate disease control measures, including imposing movement restrictions on suspected farms, while awaiting confirmation by genetic testing and sequencing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/1736453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T09:27:16Z","timestamp":1764062836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Gross Lesions in Poultry Naturally Infected With High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N6 and H5N1 Viruses in South Korea, 2023\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8926-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye-Ryoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Nyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon","family":"Her","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2218945"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0104-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1366082"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01145-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1872355"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2405371"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.240194"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.731"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1505-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2024.114942"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_2","article-title":"Standard Guidelines for Animal Diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA)","year":"2017","journal-title":"APQA Article"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-469"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801368-7.00004-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/1803.111490"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1021295"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141967"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12442"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_2","article-title":"Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N8) Viruses South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Lee Y. 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