{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:00:24Z","timestamp":1776855624921,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":111,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000277","name":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SE1131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE1131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X011038\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X011038\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X011046\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X011046\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/23NB0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/23NB0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Southern African Territories 2 (SAT2), historically endemic to sub\u2010Saharan Africa, has recently expanded its geographical range to the Middle East, posing a significant transboundary threat to global livestock industries. Characterized by high genetic diversity encompassing 14 distinct topotypes, SAT2 poses a challenge to reliable serological diagnosis and underscores the need for conserved, serotype\u2010specific antigenic targets. In this study, we aimed to identify such targets by mapping linear epitopes in the VP1 capsid protein using three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 3B2, 6F2, and 2F11) raised against SAT2 VP1. Epitopes were mapped through sequential truncation and alanine\u2011scanning mutagenesis, and their conservation was assessed across VP1 sequences from 53 SAT strains (35 SAT2, 13 SAT1, and 5 SAT3). The epitope recognized by mAb 3B2 was identified as\n                    <jats:sup>204<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFDAPIGVE\n                    <jats:sup>212<\/jats:sup>\n                    . It displayed 88.9% sequence identity within SAT2 topotypes I, II, III, and VI, and 100% identity in all other topotypes, while showing minimal similarity with SAT1 and SAT3 VP1 proteins\u2014confirming its serotype specificity. Through systematic alanine scanning, Asp206 was defined as a critical binding residue and was 100% conserved across all SAT2 topotypes, including recent outbreak strains. Structural analysis further indicated that this epitope is surface\u2011exposed and possesses high solvent accessibility. In contrast, the\n                    <jats:sup>47<\/jats:sup>\n                    TSFVVDL\n                    <jats:sup>53<\/jats:sup>\n                    epitope (recognized by mAb 6F2) was predominantly conserved only within SAT2 topotype VII, with limited conservation in other topotypes. The\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    GAD\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    core recognition sequence (targeted by mAb 2F11) showed variable conservation (66.7%\u2013100%) among SAT strains. Collectively, the broad conservation across topotypes, combined with favorable structural features, positions the\n                    <jats:sup>204<\/jats:sup>\n                    RFDAPIGVE\n                    <jats:sup>212<\/jats:sup>\n                    epitope as a promising candidate for developing robust, SAT2\u2011specific serological diagnostics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2217447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:24:43Z","timestamp":1776853483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conserved Linear Epitopes in the VP1 Protein of Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2: Identification and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7281-4264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-qian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-tai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Burman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng-wang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan-cheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-cong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1548-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-ge","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian-qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-4916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6850-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-xue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6959-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/aite-2024-0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.691308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S408352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3102.240395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","unstructured":"PreeceT. 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L. KingD. D. PaceyA. andBacigalupoD. S. 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