{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:09:22Z","timestamp":1788455362288,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal\u2010origin influenza A virus (IAV) is a perennial candidate for causing the next pandemic. With high risk for interspecies IAV transmission but limited resources for surveillance, particularly in rural areas of low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) such as Laos, there is a need to develop targeted, risk\u2010based strategies for early detection of novel IAVs that may emerge in pigs. We conducted (1) a cross\u2010sectional survey to characterise pig producer types, management practices and pig movement patterns; (2) sampling among pigs in slaughterhouses to quantify IAV seroprevalence and infection; and (3) within\u2010 and between\u2010herd disease modelling exploring the relative importance of farm type for the IAV epidemiology. Overall, 31.3% (100\/319) of sera and 1.4% (7\/515) of nasal swab samples from pigs tested positive for IAV antibodies (ELISA) and viral RNA (PCR detection of IAV M\u2010gene), respectively. Most pigs sampled were exotic breeds and supplied by commercial farms. Using hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models, seropositivity was significantly higher among exotic breeds compared with local breeds and higher among pigs originating from provinces outside of our study area. Stochastic, individual\u2010based models of within\u2010 and between\u2010herd transmission were developed and calibrated for five pig producer types using the cross\u2010sectional data from 202 study participants. The modelling results suggested sustained IAV transmission between farms was unlikely unless the probability of local transmission, independent of pig movement, was relatively high, and the initial infection was seeded in areas with higher densities of smallholders. Between\u2010herd IAV transmission was only sustained in scenarios where persistently infected commercial farms were present to continuously seed infection among the pig smallholder network. Together, these factors underscore risks associated with livestock intensification in commercial and smallholder productions. A larger study is warranted to fully characterise the interprovincial pig movement and evaluate IAV transmission within Laos to inform the national surveillance strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2407533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:20:55Z","timestamp":1769181655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiology and Risk Modelling of Influenza A Virus Within and Between Pig Herds in Northern Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arata","family":"Hidano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T. 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