{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:15:23Z","timestamp":1771334123012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":346,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1816161\/DEB-2106221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1816161\/DEB-2106221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Although the rate of emerging infectious diseases that originate in wildlife has been increasing globally in recent decades, there is currently a lack of epidemiological data from wild animals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methodology:<\/jats:bold> We used serology to determine prior exposure to foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease virus (FMDV), <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> and used genetic testing to detect blood\u2010borne parasitic infections in the genera <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> from wildlife in two national parks, Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, and Etosha National Park (ENP), Namibia. Serum and whole blood samples were obtained from free\u2010roaming plains zebra (<jats:italic>Equus quagga<\/jats:italic>), greater kudu (<jats:italic>Tragelaphus strepsiceros<\/jats:italic>), impala (<jats:italic>Aepyceros melampus<\/jats:italic>), and blue wildebeest (<jats:italic>Connochaetes taurinus<\/jats:italic>). Risk factors (host species, sex, and sampling park) for infection with each pathogen were assessed, as well as the prevalence and distribution of co\u2010occurring infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In KNP 13\/29 (45%; confidence interval [CI]: 26%\u201364%) kudus tested positive for FMD, but none of these reacted to SAT serotypes. For brucellosis, seropositive results were obtained for 3\/29 (10%; CI: 2%\u201327%) kudu samples. Antibodies against <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> were detected in 6\/29 (21%; CI: 8%\u201340%) kudus, 14\/21 (67%; CI: 43%\u201385%) impalas, and 18\/39 (46%; CI: 30%\u201363%) zebras. A total of 28\/28 kudus tested positive for <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic> spp. (100%; CI: 88%\u2013100%) and 27\/28 for <jats:italic>Anaplasma\/Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp. (96%; CI: 82%\u2013100%), whereas 12\/19 impalas (63%) and 2\/39 zebra (5%) tested positive for <jats:italic>Anaplasma centrale<\/jats:italic>. In ENP, only 1\/29 (3%; CI: 0%\u201318%) wildebeest samples tested positive for FMD. None of the samples tested positive for brucellosis, while <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> antibodies were detected in 26\/30 wildebeests (87%; CI: 69%\u201396%), 16\/40 kudus (40%; CI: 25%\u201357%), and 26\/26 plains zebras (100%; CI: 87%\u2013100%). A total of 60% <jats:italic>Anaplasma\/Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp. and 35% <jats:italic>Theileria\/Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp. in kudu and 37% wildebeest tested positive to <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic> sp. (sable), 30% to <jats:italic>Babesia occultans<\/jats:italic>, and 3%\u20137% to <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. The seroprevalence of Q fever was significantly higher in ENP, while <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> species were significantly higher in KNP. Significant coinfections were also identified.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This work provided baseline serological and molecular data on 40+ pathogens in four wildlife species from two national parks in southern Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2417717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T11:12:27Z","timestamp":1734001947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Detection of Tick\u2010Borne Pathogen Coinfections and Coexposures to Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Selected Wildlife From Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Etosha National Park, Namibia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Andrea","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunday Ochonu","family":"Ochai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milana","family":"Troskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Godfroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin-Mari","family":"de Klerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ockert Louis","family":"van Schalkwyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudi","family":"Cassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2377-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raksha","family":"Bhoora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809354466"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106257"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-00501-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13085"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105567"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85441-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00881-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1429-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1322"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2021.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101553"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v83i1.1032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","unstructured":"CleavelandS. LaurensonM. K. andMlengeyaT. Impacts of Wildlife Infections on Human and Livestock Health With Special Reference to Tanzania: Implications for Protected Area Management 2005 Conservation and Development Interventions at the Wildlife\/Livestock Interface: Implications for Wildlife Livestock and Human Health. 147-51. Available from:http:\/\/www.jwildlifedis.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.319."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.2.2146"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00263-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","unstructured":"VoslooW. BastosA. D. S. SahleM. SangareO. andDwarkaR. M. Virus Topotypes and the Role of Wildlife in Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","volume-title":"Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Host Range and Pathogenesis","author":"Alexandersen S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"The 1992 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epizootic in the Kruger National Park","volume":"67","author":"Keet D. F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.7.4.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","unstructured":"Animal Health Terrestrial Manual 2022 Chapter 3.1.4. \u201cbrucellosis\u201d. 1-48."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094168"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020050"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002787"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2130-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05097-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.141537"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-021-00598-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0627-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12535"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01029-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00546-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2008.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.2.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Health Evaluation of Black-Faced Impala (Aepyceros melampus Petersi) Using Blood Chemistry and Serology","volume":"28","author":"Karesh W. B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v82i4.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Some Infectious Diseases of Wild Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops Pygerythrus) in South Africa","volume":"49","author":"Kaschula V. R.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.814031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-023-00385-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","unstructured":"Agriculture Forestry & Fisheries Veterinary Procedural Notice for Foot and Mouth Disease Control in South Africa 2014 https:\/\/www.elsenburg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/VPN-FMD-2014.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14561"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","unstructured":"KilianJ. W. Aerial Survey of Etosha National Park 2015 Internal Report to the Ministry of Environment and Tourism."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","unstructured":"LindequeM.andLindequeP. M. Aerial Sample Counts of Large Game in Northern Namibia 1997 https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10520\/AJA10115498_435."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00179-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2249-2254.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5907-5911.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8050274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Biostatistics","author":"Rosner B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2007.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001287"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214499"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","first-page":"253","article-title":"Arthropod Parasites of Springbok, Gemsbok, Kudus, Giraffes and Burchell\u2019s and Hartmann\u2019s Zebras in the Etosha and Hardap Nature Reserves, Namibia","volume":"59","author":"Horak I. G.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Parasites of Domestic and Wild Animals in South Africa. XXXVIII. Ixodid Ticks Collected From 23 Wild Carnivore Species","volume":"67","author":"Horak I. G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology","author":"Randolph S. E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2022.e02221"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","unstructured":"WalkerA. R. BouattourA. andCamicasJ. L. et al.Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species 2003 The University of Edinburghhttp:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259641898_Ticks_of_domestic_animals_in_Africa_a_guide_to_identification_of_species\/file\/5046352d0429878d7f.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2022.100088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080929"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","unstructured":"LawrenceJ. ByaruhangaC. OosthuizenM. andMansB. Non-PathogenicTheileriaSpp. In Cattle 2017 Infectious diseases of livestockhttps:\/\/www.anipedia.org\/resources\/non-pathogenic-theileria-species-in-cattle\/1285."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","unstructured":"SteylJ. C. A. Theileriosis in Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus): Identification of Vectors and Experimental Transmission Using a Tick-Derived Stabilate 2012 https:\/\/repository.up.ac.za\/bitstream\/handle\/2263\/29707\/dissertation.pdf;sequence=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v82i1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0316-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-4923.191158"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00588"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590958"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13843"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12418"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.2.241-244.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","unstructured":"Animal Health Terrestrial Manual 2018 Chapter 3.5.1. \u201cCrimean\u2013Congo Haemorrhagic Fever\u201d. OIE Parishttps:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.05.03_DOURINE.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Tick Transmission of Anaplasma Centrale","volume":"54","author":"Potgieter F. T.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01164-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030714"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-2145"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000238"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-55"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0931-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12335"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000200019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2023.100847"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03129-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104833"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.2.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0649-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00431-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00713-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv126"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.7.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"Serological Evidence for Cowdria Ruminantium Infection in Free-Ranging Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceroses in Zimbabwe","volume":"23","author":"Kock N. D.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9346"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_2","article-title":"Isolation of Brucella abortus From a Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)","volume":"85","author":"Condy J. B.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.8.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(72)90045-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.3.1519"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tvj.v26i1.49232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032842"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_2","first-page":"331","article-title":"Brucellosis in the Kruger National Park","volume":"40","author":"Vos V. D.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9890-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_2","first-page":"240","article-title":"Serologic Survey of Zimbabwean Wildlife for Brucellosis","volume":"26","author":"Madsen M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Brucellosis in Rhodesian Wildlife","volume":"43","author":"Condy J. B.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18006\/2016.4(Spl-4-EHIDZ).S151.S160"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Brucella abortus Infection in a Multispecies Livestock Farm in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Bertu W. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Biotechnology and Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090673"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.3.388-391.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Q Fever in Zimbabwe: A Review of the Disease and the Results of a Serosurvey of Humans, Cattle, Goats and Dogs","volume":"83","author":"Kelly P. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713485073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80018-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00488-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2215-2222.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60559-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101635"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101415"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00167-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0980-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.12.012"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2417717","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T14:58:03Z","timestamp":1735916283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/2417717"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nan-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/2417717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/2417717","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2417717"}}