{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1777866012358,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":119,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32273028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32503056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32503056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Roundworm nematodes are globally distributed zoonotic parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract of various mammals. Although these parasites reside in the host\u2019s guts, their own intestinal ecosystems remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that helminths may harbor distinct gut microbiomes that contribute to their physiology and host interactions, yet cross\u2010species comparisons are lacking. Here, we performed full\u2010length 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize and compare the gut microbiomes of four major roundworm species\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris suum (As)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Baylisascaris schroederi (Bs)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara cati (Tc)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara vitulorum (Tv)<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Across 38 individual worms, we identified 359 bacterial taxa dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, with\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    forming a conserved core community. Despite this compositional similarity, beta\u2010diversity and hierarchical clustering analyses revealed that microbial community structure was primarily determined by parasite phylogeny and roundworm sex, not host diet. Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 indicated clear species\u2010specific enrichment in metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrate metabolism in\n                    <jats:italic>Bs<\/jats:italic>\n                    and xenobiotic metabolism in\n                    <jats:italic>As<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reflecting adaptive divergence of microbial functions. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that roundworm gut microbiomes exhibited taxonomic conservation but functional specialization, shaped by the evolutionary history of the parasites themselves. This study established a conceptual framework viewing the parasite as the primary host of its microbiome and provided new insights into the co\u2010evolutionary relationships between helminths and their symbiotic bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2764696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:50:48Z","timestamp":1777535448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiomes in Parasitic Roundworms Reveals Phylogeny\u2010Associated Community Structure and Functional Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0171-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2025.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00101-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30331-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2202.150686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00044-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","first-page":"789","article-title":"Human Infections With the Raccoon Roundworm, Baylisascaris Procyonis: A Scoping Review","volume":"66","author":"Weese J. 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