{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:42:16Z","timestamp":1773009736728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":201,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In mammals, detection of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria can be used to diagnose filarial infection, while antibiotic treatment to eliminate\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    can assist in eliminating filarial infections. Because\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    are necessary for survival of several filarioids and closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we analyzed\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA amplification by\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma\/Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    qPCR, from 39,526 domestic and wildlife animal blood samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory between 2017 and 2023. Filarial infection was confirmed by 28S gene amplification, followed by phylogenetic analysis utilizing filarial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), myosin heavy chain (\n                    <jats:italic>myoHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and 70 kilodalton heat shock protein (\n                    <jats:italic>hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene sequencing.\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was detected in 57 domestic dogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Canis familiaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and three raccoons (\n                    <jats:italic>Procyon lotor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from 23 states and Puerto Rico. A majority of the\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences from dogs were\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010associated (89%, 51\/57), whereas DNA from other\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    were associated with insects (9%, 5\/57) or\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2%, 1\/57).\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was confirmed by 28S filarial PCR for all samples with\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010associated\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    available for testing (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200941).\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was confirmed by 28S and\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR in the dog infected with\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010associated\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This dog was originally imported from Slovakia. The\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA amplified from raccoons most closely aligned with\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella ozzardi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (98.9%). 28S filarial,\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>myoHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequencing did not align with currently available GenBank sequences but did align with\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Morphologically, microfilariae from additional raccoons were consistent with\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella llewellyni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Molecular surveillance for\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in wildlife and domestic animals has the potential to identify novel filarial species in the United States, including zoonotic species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2778610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:09Z","timestamp":1753094109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of\n                    <i>Dirofilaria repens<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Mansonella llewellyni<\/i>\n                    in the United States by\n                    <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte 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