{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:09:25Z","timestamp":1789733365502,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":260,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020788","name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZD0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine enterovirus (BEV) is associated with respiratory, intestinal, and reproductive disorders in cattle, but its evolutionary characteristics and pathogenic potential remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a BEV strain was successfully isolated from a diarrheic fecal sample collected from an 8\u2010month\u2010old Holstein calf and was designated BEV NM2407. The virus replicated stably in Madin\u2010Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, reaching a titer of 10\n                    <jats:sup>9.3<\/jats:sup>\n                    TCID\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/mL. Its complete genome was 7414\u2009nt in length, and phylogenetic analysis classified the isolate as EV\u2010E4. Recombination analysis identified two putative breakpoints at 1950 and 5850\u2009nt, and the resulting genomic regions showed the highest similarity to EV\u2010C\u2010 and EV\u2010D\u2010related reference lineages. VP1 analysis revealed a relatively conserved\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010barrel core, whereas the major variations were concentrated in the surface\u2010exposed BC, DE, and GH loops. Experimental infection showed that BEV NM2407 was able to infect calves and induce mild clinical signs. Viral RNA was detected in nasal and rectal swabs as well as multiple tissues, with relatively higher levels in the trachea, lung, cecum, and rectum. Gross pathological changes were mainly characterized by intestinal hyperemia\/congestion, most prominently in the jejunum. Histopathological examination revealed epithelial necrosis in the jejunum and rectum, together with lymphocyte depletion and necrosis in ileal lymphoid follicles. Overall, BEV NM2407 demonstrated infectivity in calves under experimental conditions. The observed viral shedding, tissue distribution, and localized pathological lesions provide further evidence of the pathogenic potential of BEV, expand current understanding of its molecular evolution and biological characteristics, and provide a basis for further investigations into the pathogenesis of BEV infection in cattle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2973871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:42:46Z","timestamp":1789731766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and Evolutionary Analysis of Type E4 Bovine Enterovirus From Clinical Cattle With Diarrhea in Inner Mongolia, China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4857-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6765-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Xing","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Yang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9251-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Xia","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni-Ni-Gen","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1673-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Guang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Epidemiology of Diarrhea for Chinese Dairy Calves: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Qu J. C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110786"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1424-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02800-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810395728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251334347"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04520-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0923-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81298-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057745-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01600-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00093-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2019.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02662-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01200-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101457","article-title":"Emergence of a Recombinant Bovine Enterovirus in China: Insights From Phylogenetic and Temporal Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Feng G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068777"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.041335-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Bovine Enterovirus Beijing Isolate and Sequence Analysis of Whole Genome of the Isolate","volume":"48","author":"Shan Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chinese Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.343-346.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Establishment and Application of Multiplex RT-PCR for Detection of Five Bovine Diarrhea Viruses","volume":"53","author":"Sun J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000413"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","article-title":"A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed L. J.","year":"1938","journal-title":"The American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811414031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(62)89523-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03785-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081363","article-title":"Substitution of Coxsackievirus A16 VP1 BC and EF Loop Altered the Protective Immune Responses in Chimera Enterovirus A71","volume":"11","author":"Tan X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.878240"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2973871","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/2973871","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2973871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:42:48Z","timestamp":1789731768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/2973871"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/2973871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/2973871","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2973871"}}