{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1789211201387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":254,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Foot\u2010and\u2010mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) is endemic in Bangladesh, causing severe economic losses in the livestock sector. While it primarily affects cattle, buffaloes (\n                    <jats:italic>Bubalus bubalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) remain highly susceptible. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FMDV in buffaloes across three districts (Sylhet, Rajshahi, and Noakhali) of Bangladesh from January to June 2024. In a cross\u2010sectional study, a total of 622 nasal swabs from 67 herds were collected and tested for FMDV RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR). Overall, 255 samples were positive, resulting in an individual\u2010level prevalence of 41.0%(255\/622), while 88.1% (59\/67) of herds were FMDV\u2010positive. Animal\u2010level prevalence was highest in Sylhet (47.1%), followed by Noakhali (38.9%) and Rajshahi (37.1%). To further characterize circulating strains, eight representative RT\u2010PCR\u2010positive samples were sequenced, revealing the co\u2010circulation of serotypes O (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095) and Asia\u20101 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to the ME\u2010SA\/Ind2001e lineage of the serotype O and the Asia\u20101 Group V lineage, clustering with contemporary strains from Bangladesh and neighboring countries, suggesting possible intra\u2010 and transboundary transmission. Pairwise genetic distance evaluation revealed high regional similarity, while Mantel tests indicated significant associations between genetic, geographic, and temporal distances. Comparative genomic analysis revealed largely conserved genomic regions, whereas VP1 analysis indicated that purifying selection predominated across both serotypes, with serotype O exhibiting greater genetic diversity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.11642) than Asia\u20101 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.05258), suggesting localized antigenic variability and possible immune\u2010mediated viral evolution. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance, improved biosecurity, and integrated vaccination strategies to enhance FMD control and reduce economic losses in Bangladesh.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3107202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:26:01Z","timestamp":1789208761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endemic Circulation and Genetic Characterization of Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease Virus in Buffalo Populations of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Abdullah Mohammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7385-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tajul Islam","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3680-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rokibul Hasan","family":"Shanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Khademul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mashfiq Hossain","family":"Khadem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uttama","family":"Acharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shazzadul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2522-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. 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