{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T07:04:17Z","timestamp":1784617457625,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":200,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (\n                    <jats:italic>PEDV<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is an infectious pathogen that induces severe injury to the small intestinal epithelium of pigs. Pigs of all ages are susceptible to infection, which typically presents with watery diarrhea as the main clinical manifestation. In neonatal piglets,\n                    <jats:italic>PEDV<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection results in nearly 100% morbidity and mortality rates exceeding 80%. Therefore, selecting an appropriate immunization regimen for pregnant sows is particularly critical, as effective maternal vaccination enables the transfer of robust passive immunity to neonatal piglets, thereby protecting them against\n                    <jats:italic>PEDV<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. In this study, three vaccination regimens (inactivated vaccine [IV]\u2009+\u2009IV, attenuated live vaccine [AV]\u2009+\u2009IV, and mRNA vaccine [MV]\u2009+\u2009MV) were used to immunize pregnant sows, and the passive immune protection conferred to neonatal piglets was subsequently evaluated. The results showed that piglets in the control group failed to acquire passive immune protection, with all piglets (5\/5) developing diarrhea after challenge. The AV\u2009+\u2009IV regimen induced strong cellular immune responses and moderate humoral immunity, resulting in complete passive protection of piglets (5\/5) following challenge, with only low levels of\n                    <jats:italic>PEDV<\/jats:italic>\n                    RNA detected in rectal swabs, which persisted for no more than 7 days. The IV\u2009+\u2009IV regimen elicited optimal humoral immune response but the weakest cellular immunity, whereas the MV\u2009+\u2009MV regimen induced moderate levels of both humoral and cellular immunity; piglets in both groups achieved partial passive protection (4\/5), and relatively higher\n                    <jats:italic>PEDV<\/jats:italic>\n                    RNA loads, although still lower than those observed in the control group, were persistently detected in feces for up to 14 days. Collectively, the comparative analysis of passive immune protection conferred by the three immunization regimens indicated that the AV\u2009+\u2009IV strategy achieved superior protective efficacy, yielding superior outcomes compared with the MV\u2009+\u2009MV and IV\u2009+\u2009IV regimens. As MVs represent a novel and rapidly evolving platform for veterinary biologics, further technological innovation and systematic optimization are likely to enhance their immunogenicity and corresponding protective potency in subsequent studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3164025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:32:56Z","timestamp":1784615576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Prevention and Control Efficacy of Different Immunization Regimens Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3186-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6777-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maojie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713501675"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11160-w","article-title":"Virulence of Current German PEDV Strains in Suckling Pigs and Investigation of Protective Efficacy of Maternally Derived Antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Leidenberger S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0529-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00658"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01398-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02905.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1232-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01781","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"Yong C. Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02958-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0421-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1078-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00386-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0285-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00950-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00656-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02482-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05233-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","volume-title":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","author":"USDA","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","article-title":"Thermal Stability of PEDV in Environmental Matrices","volume":"326","author":"Li Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","article-title":"Colostral Antibody Dynamics in Naive vs. Acclimated Sows","volume":"12","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Co-Infection Patterns of PEDV and PCV2 in U.S. Swine Herds","volume":"31","author":"Smith J. F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Swine Health & Production"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00727","article-title":"Stage of Gestation at Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection of Pregnant Swine Impacts Maternal Immunity and Lactogenic Immune Protection of Neonatal Suckling Piglets","volume":"10","author":"Langel S. N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13197"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2527869123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.108015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050889"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14030231"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/3164025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/3164025","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/3164025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1784615578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/3164025"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nan-hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/3164025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/3164025","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3164025"}}