{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:44:25Z","timestamp":1792586665438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":293,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (BVDV) is a globally distributed\n                    <jats:italic>Pestivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    that severely affects the cattle industry, and\n                    <jats:italic>Pestivirus bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (formerly BVDV\u20101), subgenotype\u20091u is the predominant subtype circulating in yak populations of Qinghai, China. This study aimed to express the N\u2010terminal fragment (amino acids\u20091\u2013200) of the E2 glycoprotein of yak\u2010origin BVDV 1u and identify its antigenic and immunogenic properties for potential application in serological surveillance and subunit\u2010vaccine development. Using the purified truncated E2 antigen, an indirect ELISA was established for detection of BVDV\u2010specific antibodies from yak sera. Immunogenicity for the recombinant protein was evaluated in BALB\/c mice using Freund\u2019s adjuvant and Montanide ISA\u2009201 VG by determining CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell activation and the secretion of IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20106. Immunization was further performed in BVDV\u2010na\u00efve yak calves to assess BVDV 1u\u2010specific neutralizing antibody responses. The established indirect ELISA achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 99.0\u2009% and specificity of 97.4\u2009%, without detectable cross\u2010reactivity against other common bovine pathogens; screening of 377 field yak serum samples yielded a BVDV seroprevalence of 21.48\u2009%. Both adjuvant formulations elicited high antibody levels in mice, yet Montanide ISA\u2009201 VG induced stronger T\u2010cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. In immunized yak calves, the E2\u2010ISA\u2009201 vaccine antigen elicited BVDV 1u\u2010specific neutralizing antibody titers that showed trends similar to those induced by commercial inactivated vaccines. Our findings demonstrate that the truncated BVDV 1u E2 serves as a feasible antigen for serological surveillance and a candidate subunit\u2010vaccine development for BVDV. This study provides reliable experimental evidence for regional BVDV prevention and control in yak\u2010rearing areas of China.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3180012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:11:48Z","timestamp":1792584708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["E2 Glycoprotein of BVDV 1u Circulating in Qinghai Yaks: A Candidate for Serological Surveillance and Subunit\u2010Vaccine Development With Neutralizing\u2010Antibody Evaluation in Yaks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  qhu.edu.cn"},{"name":"Xining Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center  Xining 810003 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center  Xining 810003 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  qhu.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5810-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  qhu.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshu","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  qhu.edu.cn"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Lanzhou 730046 China  caas.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  qhu.edu.cn"},{"name":"Xining Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center  Xining 810003 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3540-7882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shandian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Lanzhou 730046 China  caas.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Qinghai University  Xining 810016 China  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